tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78546243699828938192024-03-05T01:18:14.338-08:00Rhetoric and CompositionRaymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.comBlogger50125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-14432636580478847882019-08-03T23:04:00.001-07:002019-08-03T23:04:36.744-07:00A Digital Humanities Study of Reddit Student Discourse about the Humanities<header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #47425d; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 30px;"><h1 class="title-post entry-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #443f3f; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px;">
A Digital Humanities Study of Reddit Student Discourse about the Humanities</h1>
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by Raymond Steding</div>
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Published August 1, 2019</div>
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<span class="posted-on" style="box-sizing: border-box;">POSTED <a href="https://we1s.ucsb.edu/research_post/a-digital-humanities-study-of-reddit-student-discourse-about-the-humanities/" rel="bookmark" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #68647a; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-08-01T21:17:16-07:00" style="box-sizing: border-box;">AUGUST 1, 2019</time></a></span><span class="byline" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; padding-left: 10px;"> <span class="author vcard" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://we1s.ucsb.edu/author/scott-kleinman/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #68647a; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">SCOTT KLEINMAN</a></span></span></div>
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A STEM program is not superior to a Liberal Arts program and vice versa. There is a chance for success no matter the route any student takes — Reddit commenter VillageMed</div>
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This blog post documents how to locate Reddit social media comments that exemplify students’ and graduates’ discourse about the humanities using the tools and methods of the WhatEvery1Says project. It is based on research begun during the WhatEvery1Says 2018 Summer Research camp and work that continued into Fall 2018.</div>
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Reddit comments are the back and forth user posts and replies in titled subreddits–Reddit community forums. I show how Digital Humanities tools produce topics of interest or themes of student discourse such as “Jobs,” “PhD Advice,” “Stem vs. Non-Stem discourse,” “Teaching,” “Admissions,” and “Writing.” The reasons for the students’ positions are often stated clearly within the contexts of these thematic labels. Locating such “topics” of student discourse about the humanities helps to categorically understand student issues. Further, a clearer understanding of the ideas and motives expressed in the Reddit comments facilitates advocacy for the humanities. Additionally, Digital Humanities newbies will learn from this study how to process the Reddit archive to answer their own research questions.</div>
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Let’s first look at the “what” of this article: at four exemplary comments expected as the outcome of the research:</div>
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Comment #1 <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2017_09_humanities_student_major_95_askacademia.json" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">PhD Advice Topic 137 subreddit: askacademia</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />For most fields in the humanities and social_sciences, you have to accept that you may end up in a job that has nothing to do with your degree. There are not enough jobs in academia for the number of students graduating with PhDs [ . . . ] for those who are in top-tier programs and willing to make that sacrifice, grad school can obviously be very personally rewarding</div>
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Comment #2 <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2013_10_humanities_student_major_634_badhistory.json" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Stem vs. Non-Stem Topic 105 subreddit: badhistory</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Physics student, so I can chime in here. STEM students feel that their major is harder and more rigorous than those who major in the liberal_arts, particularly since STEM fields are very math heavy . . .</div>
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Comment #3 <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2016_04_humanities_student_major_799_changemyview.json" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Political Rhetoric Topic 121 subreddit: changemyview</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />“SJW” [ . . . ] Notable demographics include liberal_arts majors in college, tumblr, BLM. As the acronym describes, they are “Social Justice Warriors” and fight for “Social Justice”</div>
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Comment #4 <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2017_11_humanities_student_major_569_college.json" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Stem vs. Non-Stem Topic 105: subreddit: college</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />It’s because of the stigma in society, because the way such subjects are advertised in society — they make it seem like math and science are difficult subjects [ . . . ] Not everyone can write a 70+ page essay with ease, some people find math and equations to be the easy thing, but many people assume that the opposite is true for everyone.</div>
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These comments touch on various issues of interest to the researcher who seeks to understand how students and graduates conceptualize the humanities. As will be seen, the process of generating the topic model itself plays a fundamental role in drawing comments like those above into the same contexts. The model demonstrates the comment’s semantic relationships from one comment to another within the same topic and the semantic relationships of topic to topic. Although this blog post doesn’t conduct a detailed review of how a close reading of exemplary comments such as those above may be used for advocacy, it does answer the question of why a researcher should use Reddit as a resource.</div>
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Reddit as a Data Source for Student Discourse about the Humanities</h3>
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<a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/askReddit/wiki/index" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Reddit</a> describes itself as “a website comprised of thousands of user-originated and operated communities, called ‘subreddits,’ or ‘subs,’ dedicated to a variety of interests.” Reddit’s data-rich set of global knowledge and discourse with “more than 330M monthly unique visitors and 18+billion views per month” provides the researcher through the use of Digital Humanities tools an in-depth look into comments about almost every public topic of interest (“Holiday on Reddit”).</div>
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All of this data is curated by “Moderators,” or “Mods,” who perform “a variety of functions within th[e] community, including removing spam and enforcing the rules of their subreddit” (Reddit). Since a Reddit user may create any number of pseudonyms to post comments, many times comments are expected to be deleted. The commenter might post angry comments that have nothing to do with the theme of the subreddit, or they may make irrational comments in another voice that aligns with their chosen pseudonym. Although the deletion service of the moderators doesn’t scrub the comments of all irrelevant data, it does spare the researcher some of the work. Off-topic comments and spam less often end up as tokens in the corpus submitted to computational analysis procedures. The result is that fewer spam and off-topic comments get mixed into the topic model.</div>
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The Corpus</h3>
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Each minute as many as 5000 new comments or more than ½ million new words are added. The following graphics snapped from the front page of pushshift.io depict the statistical usage of Reddit (pushift.io).</div>
<figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; text-align: center;"><img alt="Statistical usage of Reddit. Source: pushift.io." class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3873" height="307" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img0.png?resize=600%2C306&ssl=1" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img0.png?resize=300%2C153&ssl=1 300w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img0.png?resize=768%2C393&ssl=1 768w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img0.png?resize=1024%2C523&ssl=1 1024w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img0.png?resize=830%2C424&ssl=1 830w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img0.png?resize=230%2C118&ssl=1 230w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img0.png?resize=350%2C179&ssl=1 350w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img0.png?resize=480%2C245&ssl=1 480w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img0.png?w=1121&ssl=1 1121w" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Statistical usage of Reddit. Source: pushift.io." width="600" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box;">Statistical usage of Reddit. Source: pushift.io</figcaption></figure><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
The first job in assembling a corpus from Reddit data is to establish constraints on how much of the material to collect. For this study, a total of 3.3 terabytes of open-access Reddit comments (approximately five billion) from January 2006 through October 2018 were downloaded in JSON format from pushshift.io. The scope of this corpus is such that, if the comments were printed three per sheet of paper and each sheet stacked one on top of another, the length of the paper stack would exceed 100 miles. With such a large amount of text in the archive, the question becomes how does the researcher find what they are looking for?</div>
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To collect a corpus comprised of documents with exemplary comments such as those above, I initially filtered the downloaded Reddit data for comments containing at least one of the keywords “humanities,” “liberal arts,” or “the arts,” which resulted in a corpus of 154 files, totaling 980.5 MB of text. I next performed three further refinements. First, I filtered comments that contained the keywords “student,” “major,” or “college” (with or without affixes) into a new corpus. The python code to search the text of the 154 source files follows:</div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 13.125px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all;"><code class="language-python" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: normal;">#usr/bin/python
import os
import glob
path2 = '/home/path-to-your-source-files/Student-Major/'
for json_filename in glob.glob(os.path.join(path2, '*.json')):
filename_out = (os.path.basename(json_filename))
filename_in = filename_out
grep_command = 'grep -i \'student\\|major\\|college\' /home/path-to-your-source-files/Reddit/Student-Major/' + filename_in + ' > /home/path-to-your-destination-files/' + filename_out + '-student-majors-college' + '.json'
os.system(grep_command)
</code></pre>
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This second search results in 153 files totaling 335.5 MB that were run through a <a href="https://we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/scripts/reddit_data_preprocessing_for_upload.py.txt" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">Python preprocessing script</a> for proper formatting before the data were uploaded to the WE1S server. The Python script removes comments containing less than 225 words and comments with a karma score of less than or equal to 2. It also calculates the sentiment and subjectivity values of each comment through the use of the Python Textblob API; it writes out each comment as a single JSON file containing both the comment text and the metadata. The resulting corpus (“<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Corpus-A</a>”) contains a total of 22,160 comments.</div>
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Metadata</h2>
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The JSON file format of the content downloaded from pushshift.io compliments the researcher’s exploration by making parsing and processing easy with Python. Each line within the files contain the following metadata:</div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 13.125px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all;"><code class="language-json" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: normal;">{
"author": "xPadawanRyan",
"Author_flair_css_class": "",
"author_flair_text": "SSW / BA & MA History / PhD* Human Studies",
"body": "It's because of the stigma in society, because the way such subjects are advertised in society -- they make it seem like math and science are difficult subjects . . . Not everyone can write a 70+ page essay with ease, some people find math and equations to be the easy thing, but many people assume that the opposite is true for everyone.",
"Can_gild": true,
"Controversiality": 0,
"Created_utc": 1509939054,
"Distinguished": null,
"Edited": false,
"Gilded": 0,
"Id": "dper8w9",
"Is_submitter": false,
"Link_id": "t3_7b2gls",
"Parent_id": "t3_7b2gls",
"permalink": "/r/college/comments/7b2gls/why_do_people_assume_that_we_major_in_worthless/dper8w9/",
"Retrieved_on": 1512171532,
"Score": 3,
"Stickied": false,
"Subreddit": "college",
"Subreddit_id": "t5_2qh3z",
"subreddit_type": "public"
}
</code></pre>
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Parsing and extracting information that relates to the research is necessary whatever format the corpus files are in, but if the data are in JSON format, a Python script can extract any of the Reddit metadata fields and use them elsewhere. For example, the permalink value that points to the comment thread on the Reddit website can be reformatted as a link in the dfr-browser tool for visualizing topic models. A comparison of the original comment above with the <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/doc/16823" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">view JSON</a> link on the document title page (in WE1S’s customization of dfr-browser) shows that the <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2017_11_humanities_student_major_569_college.json" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">JSON list file</a> downloaded from pushshift.io above has been reformatted by the researcher’s Python script to include the permalink value as a hyperlink to the original Reddit thread. The reformatted comment page includes other essential statistics such as the karma score.</div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 13.125px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all;"><code class="language-json" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: normal;">{
"title": "2017-11-humanities-student-major_569_college.txt",
"pub_date": "2017-11-05T00:00:00Z",
"Sentiment": "0.01",
"Subjectivity": "0.56",
"KarmaScore": "3",
"Upvotes": "0",
"Downvotes": "0",
"Wordcount": "371",
"Permalink": "http://reddit.com/r/college/comments/7b2gls/why_do_people_assume_that_we_major_in_worthless/dper8w9/",
"Threadlink": "http://reddit.com/r/college/comments/7b2gls/why_do_people_assume_that_we_major_in_worthless",
"Commenter": "xPadawanRyan",
"content_scrubbed": "It's because of the stigma in society, because the way such subjects are advertised in society -- they make it seem like math and science are difficult subjects . . . Not everyone can write a 70+ page essay with ease, some people find math and equations to be the easy thing, but many people assume that the opposite is true for everyone."
}
</code></pre>
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The karma metadata field is an important publicly assigned quality-of-commenter numerical value for the researcher to use as a proxy of authority when filtering for “higher” or “lower” quality comments. According to Reddit, “Posts and comments accrue votes, or points, called ‘karma’ . . . [it] is generally a measure of the perception of [the user’s] contribution to Reddit. Positive karma indicate[s] your fellow users regard your comments or posts as enjoyable and contributory to the subreddit.” The karma value is a seed used to winnow the search results into a corpus that includes the public’s approval of the comments being researched. Assuming users prefer a higher rating based on their overall karma points, then the bias of this metadata value is that it may be used to the exclusion of other commenters. The excluded commenters with low karma values could be authors of equally meaningful comments, but they are either new or their comments aren’t as highly rated by others.</div>
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Nonetheless, ghosting of the karma value onto the comments made by a commenter occurs since most commenters desire to increase their karma rating rather than lower it; they tend to produce meaningful comments to win more karma points. The implicit notion of a comment being equivalent to the karma rating of the commenter explicitly carries along with the comment within its metadata. Despite bias, as a research decision, the karma rating and the humanities search terms become adjustable variable values for creating quality corpora to answer the research question.</div>
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Overview of the Methodology</h3>
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Corpus-A is the result of what Jo Guldi refers to as “an iterative research process that require[s] successively re-seeding, re-winnowing, and re-reading resulting samples of text from a corpus” (“Critical Search: A Procedure for Guided Reading in Large-Scale Textural Corpora”, 13). The entire Reddit archive of comments filtered by the six search terms “humanities,” “liberal arts,” “the arts,” “student,” “major,” and “college” has “constrain[ed] a large corpus around a particular question” (Guldi 11). Finding exemplary comments for further analysis of how and why students and graduates talk about humanities fields in the way that they do is what the research seeks. Since every comment includes at least two of the search terms, Corpus-A contains many comments worthy of closer inspection. But, with over 22,000 comments many are not meaningful for understanding student discourse concerning the humanities, and many comments will not help determine what influences commenters’ viewpoints. In general, sociological, economic, cultural, parental authority, and individual preference compel their opinions.</div>
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But anticipating these factors may lead to the exclusion of some specific and surprising possibilities. For instance, some comments may reveal stereotyping to the point of stigma as a primary element of student opinions within particular subreddits. Others may reveal an unexpected presence of references to “students” and “humanities” in some gaming subreddits Therefore, the search made with the hope of finding the unknown about student discourse must be wide enough to include the broadest context of possible influences behind student opinions, and be narrow enough to isolate the comments constrained by what is meant by the humanities.</div>
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As part of the WE1S project, I have analyzed the Reddit corpus using the WE1S workflow based around topic modeling using MALLET and visualized the resulting model with dfr-Browser (Goldstone) and pyLDAvis (Mabey). “A ‘topic’ consists of a cluster of words that frequently occur together. Using contextual clues, topic models can connect words with similar meanings and distinguish between uses of words with multiple meanings” (MALLET). To this point Guldi says that “[t]opic models identify semantic similarities in collections of words that are used together” (19). The semantically similar collections, or topics, may be thought of as themes, such as “jobs,” “admissions,” or “campus infrastructure,” where the documents (in this case, Reddit comments) contain varying proportions of terms most highly associated with those topics. And, each topic visually displayed in dfr-browser includes a list of comments as individual documents that contribute to it. Therefore, the grouping of the documents into coherent themes of discourse by the tools makes it possible to closely analyse within individual Reddit comments the thematic bases of student rhetoric.</div>
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PyLDAvis, a Python port of the LDAvis package for R, is an important tool in the WE1S workflow for ascertaining the semantic coherence of topics generated in the model. According to Shirley and Sievert, authors of the original LDAVis package, it “attempts to answer a few basic questions about a fitted topic model: (1) What is the meaning of each topic?, (2) How prevalent is each topic?, and (3) How do the topics relate to each other?” (63). Knowing the meaning of a topic and how prevalent the topic is helped me to label the thematic topics of <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Corpus-A</a>. The main component of pyLDAvis that helped me to determine the semantic relationships of topics to the comments most heavily represented in them is the relevance indicator. The authors explain “relevance,” as an indicator that gives the user the ability to see the term’s lift — “the ratio of a term’s probability within a topic to its marginal probability across the corpus”— compared with “the familiar ranking of terms in decreasing order of their topic-specific probability” (Sievert 65-6). Knowing the relevance of the terms of the topics, along with a close reading of a few of the comments that made up the topics gave me confidence of the coherent semantic relationship between the topic’s label and the documents that make up the topic.</div>
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Interpretation and Methodology</h3>
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Although not experimented extensively, I generated the Corpus-A topic model of 200 topics from a corpus of 21,018 de-duplicated documents which appears to provide close to an optimal granularity to locate student discourses of interest. I used the following algorithm to prepare the corpus for modeling:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Remove 1376 stop words from the <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10000/edit/write/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/scripts/scrub/stopwords.txt" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">stoplist file</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Normalize all versions of “United States of America” to “United States”</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Remove punctuation</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Merge some phrases from a standard list with underscore</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Replace “‘s” with “[.]”</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Remove duplicates from the corpus</li>
</ol>
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Once prepared, the corpus completed modeling through the dfr-browser and pyLDAvis modules on the UCSB server Jupyter notebooks.</div>
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A structured series of observation and judgment steps made in accordance with the WE1S interpretation protocol provided guidance for locating which topics are the most important in the model. Following WE1S guidelines, I went to <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/model/list/frac" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">dfr-browser’s List View</a> and listed the topics with the most heavily weighted topics on top as in the screenshot below.</div>
<figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; text-align: center;"><img alt="Mega topics shown in dfr-browser’s List View" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3867" height="348" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img1.png?resize=600%2C348&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img1.png?resize=300%2C174&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img1.png?resize=768%2C445&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img1.png?resize=1024%2C594&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img1.png?resize=830%2C481&ssl=1 830w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img1.png?resize=230%2C133&ssl=1 230w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img1.png?resize=350%2C203&ssl=1 350w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img1.png?resize=480%2C278&ssl=1 480w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img1.png?w=1162&ssl=1 1162w" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Mega topics shown in dfr-browser’s List View" width="600" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mega topics shown in dfr-browser’s List View</figcaption></figure><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
List View shows the top 13 topics relative to their topic weights within the corpus along with their topic words and a graph of the topic distribution over time. In this view, the “mega topics” are those with values of greater than two percent of the corpus. The mega topics have the highest proportional weights and because they consist of general topic words, they are difficult to label meaningfully. For illustrative purposes, I’ve labeled one such mega topic as “Non-noun Stop Words” since it contains mostly adjectives and adverbs: words that researchers sometimes remove by way of adding them to the stop word list file to improve model coherency.</div>
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The protocol asks the researchers to note the topics of interest where the topic words appear to have a semantic relationship. In my experience, these topics have typically been topics with a less than two percent representation of the corpus and a higher than .5 percent representation. For instance, in the graphic above, Topic 150, with a 1.6 percent representation of the corpus, has the keywords “degree,“ “job,” “degrees,” “major,” “liberal_arts,” “college,” “people,” “jobs,” “field,” “majors,” “school,” “career,” “work,” “business,” and “market.” What is noteworthy about Topic 150 are the numbers of search terms that appear as keywords within the topic such as “liberal arts,” “major,” and “college.” The presence of key search terms in a topic’s keywords suggests that this should be considered a topic worthy of further investigation. The implied theme or label of the topic might be “degrees that lead to jobs.”</div>
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Since the keywords of Topic 150 appeared coherent to me in List View, I turned to <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/topic/150" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Topic View</a> to examine the topic more closely.</div>
<figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; text-align: center;"><img alt="Most prominent topics for Humanities and STEM shown in dfr-browser’s Topic View" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3868" height="335" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img2.png?resize=600%2C336&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img2.png?resize=300%2C168&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img2.png?resize=768%2C429&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img2.png?resize=1024%2C572&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img2.png?resize=830%2C464&ssl=1 830w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img2.png?resize=230%2C129&ssl=1 230w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img2.png?resize=350%2C196&ssl=1 350w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img2.png?resize=480%2C268&ssl=1 480w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img2.png?w=1158&ssl=1 1158w" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Most prominent topics for Humanities and STEM shown in dfr-browser’s Topic View" width="600" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box;">Most prominent topics for Humanities and STEM shown in dfr-browser’s Topic View</figcaption></figure><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
The protocol asks the researcher to read the comments that contribute to the topic. After reading five of the comments that contribute to Topic 150, I concluded this is a topic of interest but the theme of the comments seemed to talk about the benefits of either STEM or humanities majors rather than degrees that lead to jobs. I therefore labeled the topic “Stem or Non-Stem Discourse.”</div>
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As Guldi states, “by thrashing the data with different tools, the digital scholar obtains insight into the bias of the tools themselves, and the variety of answers they can produce” (25). Indeed, my interpretation takes place in a back and forth manner between the dfr-browser and pyLDAvis visualizations as needed. I’m interested in the verification of pyLDAvis by the dfr-Browser and vice-versa. These tools have slightly different ways of representing topics, and comparing these representations aids the interpreter in developing semantically meaningful labels for significant topics.</div>
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In <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/model/list/topic" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">the screenshot below</a>, I have added custom labels indicating my interpretations of the topic’s content or theme. For example Topic 121 “Political Rhetoric/Arguments” reflects general political discourse entering into the conversation of students over time. Further research into the individual documents containing this topic may or may not reveal that divisiveness in student political opinions creates a reactionary environment that accentuates stereotyping of humanities students.</div>
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To find out how students argue for and against becoming humanities majors the topics containing comments for investigation appear to be Topic 105 (“Stem vs. Non-Stem”), Topic 150 (“Stem or Non-Stem Discourse”), Topic 62 (“Follow Your Bliss”), and Topic 172 (“Humanities and Jobs”).</div>
<figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; text-align: center;"><img alt="Topics liklye to represent student discourse" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3869" height="384" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img3.png?resize=600%2C384&ssl=1" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img3.png?resize=300%2C192&ssl=1 300w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img3.png?resize=768%2C492&ssl=1 768w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img3.png?resize=1024%2C656&ssl=1 1024w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img3.png?resize=830%2C531&ssl=1 830w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img3.png?resize=230%2C147&ssl=1 230w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img3.png?resize=350%2C224&ssl=1 350w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img3.png?resize=480%2C307&ssl=1 480w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img3.png?w=1145&ssl=1 1145w" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Topics likely to represent student discourse" width="600" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box;">Topics likely to represent student discourse</figcaption></figure><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
These topics related to humanities majors together have 4.2% representation of the 200 topics which gives them a better than average overall proportion of the corpus. The documents that make up each topic of interest require sample reading of the underlying comments to verify if they help answer our goal question or not, but their labels indicate what we should expect to find.</div>
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Using pyLDAvis further helped me to locate coherent topics that consist of comments related to our inquiry and thus to eliminate much of the need for sample reading beyond the first few comments of each topic of interest (Wieringa). pyLDAvis simplifies the labeling of topics, and therefore it simplifies the process of determining where to search for the answer to our question within the corpus. <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/pyldavis/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#topic=0&lambda=1&term=" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Its visual interface</a> for locating the topics of choice lets us look deep within the topics to know that the topics, and by association, the documents that represent the topic, are consistent with the theme of the label. In the model below Topic 105, located in the lower right quadrant, stands out in red. The relevance slider In the upper right is the primary tool of pyLDAvis.</div>
<figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; text-align: center;"><img alt="Topic 105 in pyLDAvis with Relevance set to 0.6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3870" height="378" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img4.png?resize=600%2C378&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img4.png?resize=300%2C189&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img4.png?resize=768%2C484&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img4.png?resize=1024%2C646&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img4.png?resize=830%2C524&ssl=1 830w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img4.png?resize=230%2C145&ssl=1 230w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img4.png?resize=350%2C221&ssl=1 350w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img4.png?resize=480%2C303&ssl=1 480w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img4.png?w=1105&ssl=1 1105w" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Topic 105 in pyLDAvis with Relevance set to 0.6" width="600" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box;">Topic 105 in pyLDAvis with Relevance set to 0.6</figcaption></figure><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
By sliding the relevance value to 0.6 often the first five or so words inform the researcher with enough information for them to appropriately label a topic. In this case, the words are “stem,” majors,” “fields,” “humanities,” and “non-stem” which suggests that the comments that make up the topic contain opposing student rhetoric about humanities and stem majors.</div>
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The researcher may double-check this assumption by returning to <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/words" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">dfr-browser’s word index page</a> and clicking on the “humanities” link. Amongst the “<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/word/humanities" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Prominent Topics</a>,” Topic 105 (“Stem vs. Non-Stem”) has the highest probability of containing the word “humanities”:</div>
<figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; text-align: center;"><img alt="Topic 105 in pyLDAvis with Relevance set to 0.6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3871" height="271" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img5.png?resize=600%2C272&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img5.png?resize=300%2C136&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img5.png?resize=230%2C104&ssl=1 230w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img5.png?resize=350%2C158&ssl=1 350w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img5.png?resize=480%2C217&ssl=1 480w, https://i0.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img5.png?w=663&ssl=1 663w" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Topic 105 in pyLDAvis with Relevance set to 0.6" width="600" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box;">Prominent Topics in the Humanities</figcaption></figure><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
A sample reading of the Reddit comments associated with this topic, supports the interpretation based on Topic 105’s keywords (“humanities,” “stem,” “liberal arts,”, “engineering,” and “non-stem”); the discourse of the topic involves opposing points of view. Going back to pyLDAvis and sliding the relevance indicator to the far left, the two words of Topic 105 with the highest lift (term frequency) are “stem” and “non-stem.” The following diagram shows the image with the value of the relevance metric set to zero.</div>
<figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; text-align: center;"><img alt="Topic 105 in pyLDAvis with Relevance set to 0" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-3872" height="397" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img6.png?resize=600%2C396&ssl=1" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img6.png?resize=300%2C198&ssl=1 300w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img6.png?resize=768%2C508&ssl=1 768w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img6.png?resize=1024%2C677&ssl=1 1024w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img6.png?resize=830%2C549&ssl=1 830w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img6.png?resize=230%2C152&ssl=1 230w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img6.png?resize=350%2C231&ssl=1 350w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img6.png?resize=480%2C317&ssl=1 480w, https://i2.wp.com/we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/steding_img6.png?w=1113&ssl=1 1113w" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Topic 105 in pyLDAvis with Relevance set to 0" width="600" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box;">Topic 105 in pyLDAvis with Relevance set to 0</figcaption></figure><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
In this manner of back and forth “thrashing” of the models, the researcher gains assurance that Dfr-browser and pyLDAvis agree: high polarization exists within the comments of Topic 105. The documents constituting “Stem vs. Non-Stem” most likely contain sought after student and graduate rhetoric.</div>
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Worthy of note is that the list of subreddits within the top 500 documents constituting Topic 105 contains 171 different subreddits, many of which are non-academic in nature. A partial list of the names of the first 15 of 171 subreddit names that contribute heavily to Topic 105 is “6thForm,” “ABCDesis,” “academiceconomics,” “actuallesbians,” “AdviceAnimals,” “Anarchism,” “Capitalism,” “antisrs,” “ApplyingToCollege,” “asianamerican,” “AsianParentStories,” “AskAcademia,” “AskAnAmerican,” “AskEngineers,” and “AskFeminists.” These results imply that discourse about humanities and STEM majors arises out of a broad demographic base and within context across a spectrum of interests.</div>
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Other topics of interest within the list labeled thus far include Topic 62 (“Follow Your Bliss”), wherein the comments, for the most part, subscribe to the idea that passions guide students towards a field of study; Topic 150 (“Stem or Non-Stem Discourse”), wherein the comments do not argue for or against the humanities but rather tell why the students have chosen a particular path; and Topic 172 (“Humanities and Jobs”) which speaks to the issue of job prospects for humanities majors. The comments that comprise each of the topics of interest require further examination to learn how best to address student concerns about the humanities.</div>
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Conclusion</h3>
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The premise matching the goal of this research blog assumes that the researcher will, after studying the rhetoric and diction for and against the humanities in the documents of a topic such as Topic 105, develop optimal insight into how best to frame an answer presentable to the public in support of the humanities. Guldi states that at the end of the “critical search is [the] actual reading of particular texts,” which in this case are individual comments classified as exemplary (29). She refers to this stage as “Guided Reading,” where the “iterative encounters with the algorithm and reading allow[s] the researcher to find documents that fit best with [the] question” (29). And, although this research continues beyond the documentation here to re-model the exemplary comments of this and many other models combined, the results have proven the usefulness of the Digital Humanities tools used to find the comments and themes of student discourse about the humanities.</div>
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This blog post contains the technical information necessary for researchers who desire to explore Reddit for answers to particular questions about human discourse. It demonstrates that the Reddit archive is a vast aggregation of the English language worthy of investigating questions that would otherwise be impossible without Digital Humanities tools. Through software such as MALLET, dfr-browser, and pyLDAvis, the study shows that algorithmically analyzing a corpus into topics, or themed genres, consisting of file sets helps to answer the research question of how students talk about the humanities. For a detailed look at the results of this study, download the top-ranked 500 comments of Topic 105 (“Stem vs. Non-Stem”) <a href="https://we1s.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/scripts/500-stem-vs-humanities-comments.txt" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
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Works Cited</h3>
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Goldstone, Andrew. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Dfr-browser</em>. “Take a MALLET to Disciplinary History”_. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">2013. 2018. _GitHub</em>, <a href="https://github.com/agoldst/dfr-browser" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">https://github.com/agoldst/dfr-browser</a>.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
Guldi, Jo. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Critical Search: A Procedure for Guided Reading in Large-Scale Textual Corpora</em>. Preprint, SocArXiv, 20 Dec. 2018. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">DOI.org (Crossref)</em>, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/g286e" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">10.31235/osf.io/g286e</a>.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
“Holiday on Reddit.” <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Upvoted</em>,<a href="https://redditblog.com/2018/11/13/holiday-on-reddit/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">http://redditblog.com/2018/11/13/holiday-on-reddit/</a>. Accessed 4 Feb. 2019.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
Mabey, Ben. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Python Library for Interactive Topic Model Visualization. Port of the R LDAvis Package.: Bmabey/PyLDAvis</em>. 2015. 2019. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">GitHub</em>, <a href="https://github.com/bmabey/pyLDAvis" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">https://github.com/bmabey/pyLDAvis</a>.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
Pannucci, Christopher J., and Edwin G. Wilkins. “Identifying and Avoiding Bias in Research. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</em>, vol. 126, no. 2, Aug. 2010, pp. 619–25. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">PubMed Central</em>, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181de24bc" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181de24bc</a>. Accessed 4 Mar. 2019.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
Pushshift.io, <a href="http://files.pushshift.io/reddit/comments/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">files.pushshift.io/reddit/comments/</a>. Accessed 27 Feb. 2019.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
“Reddit: The Front Page of the Internet.” <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Reddit</em>, <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/askReddit/wiki/index" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">https://www.reddit.com/r/askReddit/wiki/index</a>. Accessed 4 Mar. 2019.<a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/askReddit/wiki/index" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">https://www.reddit.com/r/askReddit/wiki/index</a></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
Sievert, Carson, and Kenneth Shirley. “LDAvis: A Method for Visualizing and Interpreting Topics.” <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces</em>, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014, pp. 63–70. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">ACLWeb</em>, <a href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3110" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3110</a>.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
“TextBlob 0.15.2 Documentation.” <a href="https://textblob.readthedocs.io/en/dev/api_reference.html#textblob.blob.TextBlob.sentiment" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0056b3; outline-offset: -2px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">https://textblob.readthedocs.io/en/dev/api_reference.html#textblob.blob.TextBlob.sentiment</a>. Accessed 4 Mar. 2019.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
Wieringa, Jeri E. “Using PyLDAvis with Mallet· from Data to Scholarship”. <a href="http://jeriwieringa.com/2018/07/17/pyLDAviz-and-Mallet/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">http://jeriwieringa.com/2018/07/17/pyLDAviz-and-Mallet/</a>. Accessed 4 Mar. 2019.</div>
</div>
Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-249508988204222222019-08-02T07:59:00.003-07:002019-08-03T23:01:32.496-07:00A Digital Humanities Research Study
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<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.04in; orphans: 2; page-break-after: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid; widows: 2;">
This study examines topic models for
the purpose of determining the nature of a “crisis” in the
humanities.” By examining the <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands-backup/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/model"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>original
“Default Model</u></span></a>,” the <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/model/grid"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>new
“Default Model”</u></span></a> without duplicates and a <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Reddit
“Corpus-A”</u></span></a> model and topics related to the words
“humanities,” “crisis,” “problem,” and “issues” in
all of the models, and using the WE1S Qualtrics surveys the study
takes note of the similarities between the models as well as attempts
to understand the word crisis.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>First Qualtrics Survey</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Through a set of reductionist
procedures, the <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands-backup/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/pyldavis/topics250/index.html#topic=110&lambda=1&term="><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>default
pyLDAvis model set of topics</u></span></a> beneath the red
conditional topic distribution bubble of topic 110, while the word
crisis is hovered over, may be reduced such that all documents in
each topic distill down to a single topic sentence and then to a
single word.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The resulting words might be thought of
as the most concise approximation of the representation of each
corresponding document. Utilizing pyLDAvis, for words similar to
‘crisis’ within correlated topics we have “stress,”
“sustainability,” “trump,” “poverty,” “criticized,”
“economic,” “terrorism,” and we have the following
correlations:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T223,
‘stress,’ we have T104 related
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T82
‘sustainability,’ we have T37 related
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T85,
‘trump,’ we have very many topics related.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T65,
‘poverty,’ we have T118 and 90 and 64 most related
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T134,
‘criticized,’ we have T240 most related
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T110
‘economic,’ we have T245 most related
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T163,
‘terrorism,’ we have T178 most related
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Where all reductions may be further
reduced to the single word “problems.” And, the words “laughter,”
“Freud,” and “humanities that oppose crisis might be considered
as solutions:”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T90,
“laughter,” we have T97 (life, love) most related
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T118,
“humanities,” we have T34 and T90 most related
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
looking at T69,
“Freud,” we have T146 most related
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
For clarity, examples of the above
opposition follow: Freudian analysis resolves personality crisis;
humanities discourse addresses and resolves human problems; laughter
rejoices on behalf of being alive. And, many of the reviewed topic
documents related to the word “humanities” are arguments on
behalf of the humanities.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Conclusively, humanities discourse
represents a high level of rhetoric that attempts to position the
humanities as a worthy pursuit in a world of high tech and science.
Rather than humanities discourse found in (university) humanities
curriculum, the reading of topic documents reveals argumentation on
behalf of the humanities. Positive justifications for the humanities
and a sense of crisis often going hand in hand, and the rhetoric
confirms some need that humanities academics have for resolving
varying perspectives into a crisis in the humanities.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Using Qualtrics module 4.c to
compare the words humanities with problems</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
For the first word, “humanities,”
the topics and top documents convey friction, a state of high energy
of human concern, that attempts to dissipate its state through a
synthesis with the sciences and less problematic academic curriculum.
Thus, a focused study of the sources of tension likely leads to
better solutions. In other words, a close reading of documents within
the listed associated topics-with-words (semantic relations) reveals
“how crisis-related words relate to the humanities in public
discourse. Proceeding with this assumption, the documents of topic
191 appear to provide a recommendation to a “crisis” in the
humanities in general. The top documents of <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands-backup/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/topic/191"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>topic
191</u></span></a> for which I labeled “Humanities and Science,”
contain the following :
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/172244_172244_universitywire_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2014-01-01_2014-12-31_16_333_4.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
1</u></span></a>: “<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">As
Dr. Chun will suggest, now is a perfect time for scientists and
humanities scholars to come together to answer the hard questions
about how to solve the most pressing problems of our world.”</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/6742_6742_thenewyorktimes_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2005-01-01_2005-12-31_25_21_0.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Doc
2</u></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">:
‘ ''The Hubris of the Humanities'' (column, Dec. 6): Nicholas D.
Kristof correctly argues that Americans need a better diet of science
to meet the complexities of civilization. His argument rests on a
division between a liberal arts education and one based on science.’</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/172244_172244_universitywire_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2010-01-01_2010-12-31_12_27_3.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Doc
3</u></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">:
‘Intellectually we seldom venture outside our comfort zones unless
forced to. Humanities students fulfill their physical sciences
requirement only under duress while future computer scientists
disdain having to sit through one ethnic studies class.’</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/172244_172244_universitywire_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2015-01-01_2015-12-31_17_340_9.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Doc
4</u></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">:
‘People generally see philosophy as impractical, unnecessary or
entirely subjective. They say philosophers ponder the meaning of life
and other abstract questions but contribute nothing to ?society’</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/370329_370329_honolulustaradvertiser_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2011-01-01_2011-12-31_263_6_0.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Doc
5</u></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">:
‘ABSTRACT [...] cutting requirements would decrease the number of
social studies teachers, and would therefore decrease the number of
electives available to all students. [...] social studies is not only
fascinating, it is some of the most practical knowledge you can
acquire.’</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/144574_144574_daytondailynewsohio_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2017-01-01_2017-12-31_463_7_0.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Doc
6</u></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">:
‘The Ohio Department of Education's over-complicated and
over-detailed new standards include a 40-page "Learning
Standards" for Social Studies, as well as "model curricula"
for each grade K-12. Four "strands" (history, government,
geography, and economics) with included "skill topics"
illustrate the broad scope of Social Studies and seem like a good
formula for living (if actually taught and experienced in the
classroom).’</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/254392_254392_theclarionledgerjackson_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2013-01-01_2013-12-31_214_4_2.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>Doc
7</u></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">:
Of all the non-useful things people believe, have no proof of but
perpetuate, I'd like to put one to rest: ‘"You can't do
anything with" (fill in the blank) an English degree, a degree
in philosophy or anything in the general vicinity of the humanities
or social sciences. But that belief is just false, false, false -
especially today.’</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">It
follows that whenever a topic where all the documents must contain
the term “humanities,” and “science” and or STEM like terms
the topic will mostly contain rhetorical discourse that argues in
favor of more or different humanities curriculum and/or a synthesis
of both humanities and science curriculum.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Second New Default 250 Topic Model
Qualtrics Survey and Reddit</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Topic
9</u></span></a>, “Problems,” became the most substantially
weighted topic in the new default model. This is not a coincidence
since it is the critical state of all problems that the new model
through its key search term “humanities” is in conversation with.
Etymologically speaking, crisis, as documented in the HTOED as “<
Latin crisis, < Greek κρsσις discrimination, decision,
crisis, < κρsνειν to decide), and “critical” as
documented in the OED as “Critical 5. Of the nature of, or
constituting, a crisis: a. Of decisive importance in relation to the
issue. spec. critical path: the most important sequence of stages in
an operation, determining the time needed for the whole operation;
frequently attributive” manifest as either “critical”
conditions or “crisis” conditions of particular problems found in
the corpus. In either case, critical (related words critic, criticism
and critique) and analytical thinking found throughout humanities
discourse are necessary and paramount to addressing all problematic
issues we as humans face.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Model analysis to answer the question
“How prevalent is ‘humanities crisis discourse (discourse about
the crisis in the humanities) as compared with other ways of talking
about the humanities (again, within specific contexts)?’ reveals a
small number of topics related to the words ‘crisis,’ and
‘critical.’ Humanities crisis discourse is little when compared
to the fact that every document of the corpus is in conversation with
the "humanities" search term.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
A quantitatively similar observation in
the Reddit corpora shows that comments confirm that crisis discourse
compared with overall discourse about the humanities is small. The
following procedures taken prove the above conclusion:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
Using grep -o -i
"\bcrisis\b" Reddit-All-Humanities-2006-2018.json | wc -l,
grep -o -i "\bcrisis in the humanities\b"
Reddit-All-Humanities-2006-2018.json | wc -l, and grep -o -i
"\bhumanities crisis\b"
Reddit-All-Humanities-2006-2018.json | wc -l</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
Within a total of
270,784 comments that include the search term “humanities,”
“crisis” appears 1562 times, “crisis in the humanities”
appears 24 times, and “humanities crisis” appears 12 times.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
Using grep -o -i
"\bcrisis\b" Reddit-Liberal-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc
-l, grep -o -i "\bcrisis in the humanities\b"
Reddit-Liberal-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l, and grep -o -i
"\bhumanities crisis\b"
Reddit-Liberal-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
Within a total of
243,476 comments that include the search term “liberal arts,”
“crisis” appears 822 times, “crisis in the humanities”
appears two times, and “humanities crisis” appears one time.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
Using grep -o -i
"\bcrisis\b" Reddit-The-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l,
grep -o -i "\bcrisis in the humanities\b"
Reddit-The-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l, and grep -o -i
"\bhumanities crisis\b" Reddit-The-Arts-All-2006-2018.json
| wc -l</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
Within a total of
287,335 comments that include the search term “the arts,”
“crisis” appears 1029 times, “crisis in the humanities”
appears 0 times, and “humanities crisis” appears 0 times.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The word “crisis” appears a total
of 3,413 times within 801,595 comments for a corresponding
representation within the corpus of 0.00425776: 1 out of every 235
comments contains the word “crisis.“ Similar to topics 93 and 143
discussed above, “crisis” is again more often related to
financial matters and not related to the humanities.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
“Crisis” is an integral “gloss”
in humanities discourse most often addressed, at lower value levels
of “a crisis in the humanities,” under the guise of the words
“problem” and “problems.” Since a “problem” is a
condition, and “problems,” are conditions along paths where
critical points are stationed to prevent a crisis or to resolve a
crisis, the listing of the number of times “problem,” and
“problems” appear alongside the three search terms in Reddit
comments follows:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Using
grep -o -i "\bproblem\b"
Reddit-All-Humanitiesl-2006-2018.json | wc -l </span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">reveals
that within a total of 270,784 comments that include the search term
“humanities,” “problem” appears 20,060 times, and “problems”
appear 10,501 times.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Using
grep -o -i "\bproblems\b"
Reddit-Libera-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">reveals
that within a total of 243,476 comments that include the search term
“liberal arts,” “problem” appears 14,508 times, and
“problems” appear 5,980 times.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Using
grep -o -i "\bproblem\b" Reddit-The-Arts-All-2006-2018.json
| wc -l and grep -o -i "\bproblems\b"
Reddit-Thel-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">reveals
that within a total of 287,335 comments that include the search term
“the arts,” “problem” appears 14,036 times, and “problems”
appear 6,578 times.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Out of 801,595 comments that include
the three search terms “problem” and “problems” appear 71,663
times or 0.089400508. Therefore approximately one out of every eleven
comments contains the words problem or problems. Whereas crisis
discourse is one comment out of 235 comments, “problem” terms are
21.35 times as prevalent. This fact complicates the question of how
prevailing crisis discourse is and “crisis discourse” depends on
how close the problems discussed in the documents approach definition
as crisis problems.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Despite the assumption that "humanities
crisis discourse" is not that prevalent, examination of the
relationship between humanities discourse and crisis discourse more
broadly shows that conceptually these discourses are very intimately
related in a broader intellectual sense. Humanities curriculum
addresses the issues surrounding the condition of being human, of
which the ultimate crisis is death. "Humanities" discourse
is always critical, and, in some way in conversation with "crisis,"
especially when art makes a statement through performance. Like
science, humanities discourse clears the forest with ever higher
forms of awareness, and makes all that exists more than historically
possible. Thus, humanities discourse is the act that overcomes the
greatest crisis in humanities: non-existence; through critical
analysis, the humanities disciplines work toward the goal of
superseding the human condition. Therefore, humanities discourse is
always at varying value levels of “a crisis in the humanities.”
The most critical point is located at the apex of a “crisis”, and
critical points exist in each step along the way to resolving a
crisis. Tension first builds to a crucial point and then dissipates,
breaks down, or resolves in some way. In this sense then, critical
thinking enters almost every document written <span style="color: #1c1e29;">argumentatively</span>
as well as to rhetorically convey meaning via problem resolution. The
what, how, and why of college essay writing as well as published
problem resolution articles inherently contain some level of crisis.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In summary of the Qualtrics survey 4c,
observation of the model with the above perspective in mind suggests
that "crisis” language, especially through relationships to
the word(s) “problem(s),” exists inherently as a “gloss” or
ghosting of the meaning of “crisis” that enters into the four
reviewed topics, <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/topic/93"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>T93</u></span></a>,
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/topic/134"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>T134</u></span></a>,
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/topic/2"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>T2</u></span></a>,
and <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/topic/42"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>T42</u></span></a>.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Comparison of Two Models: </b><a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/model/grid"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u><b>Model-A
Default Model 2238</b></u></span></a><b> with </b><a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u><b>Model-B
Reddit Corpus-A</b></u></span></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Hypothesis:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
By analyzing a public corpus with a
student-focused Reddit corpus it may be shown that the difference and
similarity between the two definitively reveals discourses that may
be addressed in such a way as to increase interest in becoming a
humanities major.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The default 250 topic model referred to
here as <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/model/grid"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Model-A
2238</u></span></a> “consists of documents from all U.S. sources in
the WE1S corpus (as of the beginning of July 2019) found by searching
on "humanites," minus materials from Reddit.” (Lindsay)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The Reddit topic comments in the
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Corpus-A</u></span></a>
model, referred to as Model-B, contain the search words 'humanities,'
liberal arts,' 'the arts.' "student," "major,"
and "college" and therefore are limited to comments about
Student Life in particular.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This analysis expects to find where the
greatest tension exists in student discourse about the humanities and
where the greatest tension exists in public discourse about the
humanities. And, further to determine how the discourse is the same
or different.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The following is assumed to be true.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
If aspects of student perception about
the humanities become known, then that perception might be modified
via appropriate advocacy. Identification by young adults with groups
is necessary for most during the period of psychological development
when individual identity forms. Students are at an age where they
need to identify with their major because it constitutes their
developing persona. If both models show tension exists between the
humanities and science fields that represents an identification issue
for students, it should be looked at across all models to see how the
identification issues in the context of the documents relate to each
other. The results of the document analysis will establish definitive
elements for advocacy.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Exploring both models together helps to
answer the research question of whether or not topics reveal high
relative tension (possibly reaching a crisis) between the humanities
and other topics.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In Model-A 2238 T9, t<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/model/list/frac/up"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>op
MegaTopic top words</u></span></a> are: need, problem, system, issue,
policy, time, important, believe, problems, question, fact, process,
change, and issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In Model-B Reddit T191, <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/model/list/frac"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>top
MegaTopic top words</u></span></a> are: people, wrong, argument,
agree, true, problem, opinion, humanities, reason, simply,
understand, read, argue, issue, view, and evidence</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Comparison of the two MegaTopics shows
that Model-A terms relate to larger situations than the smaller more
individual focus of Model-B Reddit comments. The reasoning behind
this conclusion follows:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
System, issues, policy, and process
typically relate to large issues. The words wrong, argument, true,
opinion, reason, evidence, read, understand, simply, issue, view, and
problem are words that might be used in smaller individual contexts.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In Reddit comments, only “humanities”
and “people” seem to be words involving larger contexts. When
compared with “system,” “issues,” “policy,” and
“process,” the words nvolving larger contexts in Model-B are
“Human-related,” and the Model-A terms are “System-related.”
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Although this is the case, the words
“need,” “problem,” “time,” “believe,” “fact” and
“change” may be typical of either system-related issues or more
human-related issues.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The words found in both models’
MegaTopics are “problem” and “issue.” Depending on the
degree, these two circumstances may be crisis problems or crisis
issues.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This finding relates to my prior
finding that depending on degree, problems may be crisis problems or
minor problems.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Looking at the topics and their
relationship with the prominent topics for the words “problem,”
“problems,” “issue,” and “issues”</b> we have:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/word/problem"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Five
prominent topics in Model-A 2238</u></span></a> show “problem” as
a top word.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/word/problem"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Twelve
prominent topics in Model-B</u></span></a> Reddit show “problem”
as a top word.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
A cursory glance at the prominent
topics in Model-A 2238 for the word problem suggests labeling of the
topics as follows:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T9 the need problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T176 the drug problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T144 the people
problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T164 the fact
argument problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T242 the sciences
problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
A cursory glance at the prominent
topics in Model-B Reddit Corpus-A for the word “problem” suggests
labeling of the topics as follows:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T81 solving types of
a problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T123 black lives
matter problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T191 problem
arguments</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T5 the general
problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T176 the people
problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T28 the education
problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T106 the
understanding and learning problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T187 the job problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T152 the math problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T45 the student
university problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T148 the student debt
problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T172 the humanities
and jobs problem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This implies that students speak about
the individual “problem” more often than published articles do.
And, topics where the word problem is prominent shows a higher focus
on the types of individual student problems than the default model
which shows more societal types of problems.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Following the same rough analysis of
the prominent topics for the word problems a cursory glance at the
prominent topics in Model-A 2238 for the word “problem” might
suggest labeling the topics as follows:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T9 the need problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T219 health problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T2 student problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T106 official
problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T242 science problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T66 public health
problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
And a cursory glance at the prominent
topics in Model-B Reddit Corpus-A for the word “problems” might
suggest labeling the topics as follows:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T81 solving problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T78 mental health
problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T93 social problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T152 math problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T77 philosophical
problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T47 female problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T5 general problems</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Thus, despite being a smaller corpus
with a smaller number of topics (200 vs. 250 in Model-A) Model-B
Reddit Corpus-A tends to have a greater focus on the words problem
and problems.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
While the other shared MegaTopic word
“issue” appears six times in prominent topics’ top topic words
in both models, “Issues” <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/word/issues"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>appears
sixteen times in Model-A</u></span></a> and <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/word/issue"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>seven
times in Model-B</u></span></a>.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Published articles in Model-A 2238
speak to the following issues:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T234 symposium issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T61 social issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T16 student
administration issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T41
election/political issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T9 needs issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T5 humanities
presentation issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T73 community support
issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T94 international
issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T207 female issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T55 presidential
issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T81 legal justice
issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T183 gender issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T32 inaudible issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T168 humanities
publication issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T66 health issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T162 political issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
And, students in Model-B Reddit
Corpus-A speak about the following topic issues:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T78 mental health
issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T47 women issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T81 people
responsibility issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T5 general issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T121 political
argumentative issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T45 academic issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
T98 varying majors’
studying issues</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The number of topics that published
articles contain the word “issues” confirms that published
articles speak to “issues” (larger themes/contexts) more often
than students speak about them.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Published articles have a broad
audience and the commenters on Reddit tend to have a focused
personalized “scope” to their themes. Their individuality seeks
recognition in Model-B, Reddit subreddits, whereas a business
publication and the author of an article seek recognition in Model-A;
Therefore it makes sense that Model-A should contain more topics with
the top word “issues.”
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Consideration of the above indicates
the divergence between the two models based on the greater number of
topics related to the word “issues” in Model-A and the greater
number of word “problem” in Model-B. But, why?</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
From the OED we have:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
1. problems in
problem, n. View full entry a1382</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
...A difficult or
demanding question; (now, more usually) a matter or situation
regarded as unwelcome, harmful, or wrong and needing to be overcome;
a difficulty</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
2. problems in †
problem, v. View full entry 1645</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
...intransitive. To
dispute or discuss an academic or scholastic question.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
And for the word issue we have the
following:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
I. The action of
going, flowing, or coming out; the means by which, or place where,
this occurs.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
1. The action of
going or flowing out; the opportunity to flow or go out; exit;
release; outflow; an instance of this. Also: (a quantity of)
something which flows or comes out in this way.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
a. With reference to
physical movement, as by water, air, people, etc.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
II . . . III (many
various definitions for issue)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
IV. A point of
contention or significance.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
a. Law. The point in
question or dispute in a court action at the conclusion of the
statements of case by the contending parties, when one side affirms
and the other denies.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
issue of fact n. an
issue depending on or relating to the facts of a case.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
issue of law n. an
issue depending on or relating to the application or interpretation
of the law.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
general issue: see
general adj. and n. Special uses 2; special issue: see special adj.,
adv., and n.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The diverse definitions of “issues”
alone may be the reason why “issues” appear in the default model
2238 Model-A articles more than the singular word “issue.” In
other words, it may not be a fact that “issues” represents a
larger quantity, but instead, it represents a broader usage among
publishers of its various definitions when compared with the way that
Reddit commenters use the word “issues.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Using Topic Bubbles for Reddit Model
Corpus-A</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The two comparison words<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/topic-bubbles/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>
humanities+problem reveal bubbles T45 and T191</u></span></a>. Topic
45 is specific to student life in the university as determined by the
words “students,” “university,” “study,” “programs,”
“pressures,” “issue,” “diversity,” “change,” and
“support,” while T191 contains words such as “people,”
“opinion,” “argument,” “wrong,” “facts,” “reason,”
“agree,” “disagree,” “true,” “correct,” and
“discussion.” Both topics appear to be highly coherent. T45 might
be labeled “Student Life,” while T191, although a MegaTopic might
be labeled “Debate Words.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Looking at the top documents of <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/#/topic/45"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Topic
45 in Dfr-Browser</u></span></a> we have:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/json/2018_04_humanities_student_major_2691_kotakuinaction.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
1</u></span></a> "The university created a Career Services
Diversity Fund Committee that allocates funding to campus events
related to diversity and inclusion . . . CLA hired a multicultural
advisor.\n\n* School hires a bunch of administrators and deans to
implement absurd policies.\n* Student fees and tuition go up\n*
School talks about how expensive college is and how it
\"disadvantages poor students\",\n* School begs for money
from alum because \"tuition and state funding does not fully
cover the costs of the 'important' programs we offer\""</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/json/2015_01_humanities_student_major_42_mcgill.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
2</u></span></a> "peaking from experience within the Faculty of
Arts.\n\nThe funding problem McGill is facing now, following student
strikes over 2011-2012, are complex. When the provincial government
froze funding to the university, and then slashed it following a
change of parties in office, the university was forced to freeze
certain funds"
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/json/2018_08_humanities_student_major_2013_newzealand.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
3</u></span></a> ""Waikato student who left a few semesters
back. This change might seem insignificant but it[.] quite a blow to
the Maori and Indigenous studies department, it[.] also a situation
where the straw is breaking the camel[.] back. \n\nCurrently, the
Maori and Indigenous studies department has their own management
structure, culture, and support network for students that they've
built from the ground up. This shift will restructure all the staff,
management team, and destroy what is effectively a space specifically
for Maori education on campus."
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In the three above top comments of
Topic 45, depending on the perspective taken, each could be noted as
crisis situations.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The top documents of MegaTopic <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/#/topic/191"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>T191</u></span></a>
follow:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/json/2010_03_humanities_student_major_5_politics.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
1</u></span></a> "calling names is not an \"ad hominem
argument.\" If you're acting stupid and I call you stupid
because your argument is stupid, I'm not basing my argument on the
fact that you're stupid, I'm noting that you're stupid as a result of
your stupid argument. However, since you have many times brought up
things that you think are true about me personally"</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/json/2011_12_humanities_student_major_1012_iama.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
2</u></span></a> "Condemning someone for an arbitrary reason is
therefore morally wrong in every sense."</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/json/2015_11_humanities_student_major_408_globaloffensive.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
3</u></span></a> "Feminists dont agree on what feminism is. And
unfortunately, thats why i think feminism has gotten such a negative
rep among many, because the same unreasonable third wave 'feminists'
are grouped in with the more reasonable moderates."</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/json/2013_09_humanities_student_major_1364_india.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
4</u></span></a> "See, research in the fields of Humanities is
not the same as that in Science. \n\nI know. I studied in a college
that is renowned for the Humanities."</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The few documents examined in topics
that contain both humanities and problems suggest a division between
two categories. First, T45 includes kinds of crises related to the
university and students, and second, T191 contains a wide range of
people problems, including student problems, but the top words might
be defined as a debate vocabulary that is associated with the words
humanities and problems.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="width: 624px;">
<colgroup><col width="297"></col>
<col width="297"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0.07in;" width="297">
<div align="center" style="orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0.07in;" width="297">
<div align="center" style="orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The words in topic bubbles T45 are:
“students,” “universities,” “issues,” “funding,”
“resources,” “problem,” “hiring,” “diversity,”
“issue,” “culture,” “pressure,” “enrollment,”
“sciences,” “humanities” . . .</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
And in T191 the words are: “people,”
“wrong,” “argument,” “true,” “facts,” “question,”
“makes clear,” “opinion,” “issue,” “evidence,”
“reality,” “disagree,” “position,” “debade,”
“absolutely” . . .
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
From the above observation economic
concerns such as “funding,” “resources,” and “hiring”
might be considered sources of economic crises. Students have a lot
of crisis-related issues, and some words in T45 such as “humanities”
and “issue” that are present in the debate words of T191 may
indicate a crisis.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>A diachronic perspective into crisis
related words.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Of note the Google ngram viewer shows
the two words “problem,” beginning to decline in 1980, and
“issue,” beginning to decline in 1998 through 2008.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="width: 624px;">
<colgroup><col width="297"></col>
<col width="297"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0.07in;" width="297">
<div align="left" style="border: none; orphans: 0; padding: 0in; page-break-after: auto; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
<a href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=problem&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cproblem%3B%2Cc0"></a></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0.07in;" width="297">
<div align="left" style="border: none; orphans: 0; padding: 0in; page-break-after: auto; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
But, <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/topic/9"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Topic
9 in the Default Model 2238</u></span></a>, and <a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/#/topic/191"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Topic
191 in the Reddit Corpus-A</u></span></a> show a relative increase.
T9 begins to increase in 2004, and T191 begins to increase in 2014.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="width: 624px;">
<colgroup><col width="297"></col>
<col width="297"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0.07in;" width="297">
<div style="border: none; orphans: 0; padding: 0in; page-break-after: auto; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/topic/9"></a></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0.07in;" width="297">
<div align="left" style="border: none; orphans: 0; padding: 0in; page-break-after: auto; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/teams/2018-19-2-students-humanities/CSUN-Reddit-2017/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/browser/#/topic/191"></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
From these conditional probability
charts and the Google Ngram Viewer charts the question arises as to
why the conditional probability T9, including its top words are
increasing in published articles while they are declining in books?
Part of the reason for the trend higher of both topics T9 and T191 is
that the contexts that give the words their meanings have changed.
Although it is beyond the scope of this report to determine the
reason for the decline in the words “problem” and “issue” in
books, the above graphs seem worthy of note since most today would
conclude that both “problems” and “issues” are on the rise.
Thus, the conclusion that “problems” and “issues” are on the
rise as shown in the Default Model 2238 and the Reddit Model Corpus-A
correlates with a general perception that that is indeed the case.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
We could say then
that as the perception of crisis related topics T9 and T191
increases, talk of a crisis in the humanities is not “outside”
the context of a general increase in the perception of crisis. In
other words, it is less difficult to talk of a crisis in the
humanities today than it would have been a number of years back since
the prevalence of the debate words, of topics T9 and T191, which are
on the rise, may easily be called into conversation with the word
“crisis.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
Speaking of
“crisis” in general and “a crisis in the humanities” in
particular may be more acceptable and therefore more welcome to the
ears of listeners today as anxiety rises. Physiologically, an anxious
condition has an emotional connection to debate words whenever an
individual’s psychology reaches a state of crisis: from being torn
between “pressures” (a T191 word) and “stresses.” Unlike
words such as “problem,” “crisis,” “pressure,” and
“stress” the word “anxiety” which may lead to individual
crises is on the rise in the Google Ngram Viewer.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="width: 624px;">
<colgroup><col width="608"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1.00pt solid #000000; padding: 0.07in;" valign="top" width="608">
<div align="left" style="border: none; orphans: 0; padding: 0in; page-break-after: auto; page-break-inside: auto; widows: 0;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Further analysis of the “anxious
condition” may be correlated to an emotional response that carries
meaning in connection with the debate words of T9 and the word
“pressure” of T191. The rise of stress that leads to crises may
be confirmed by finding evidential psychiatric research studies of
individuals over time as well as proved biologically by locating
evidential research studies of the levels of cortisol in the general
population over time.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
If one speaks about
crisis today then the top topic words, the “debate words,” of T9
have more referents supplying meaning to and whenever the word
“crisis” used today as in “a crisis in the humanities” calls
into focus the meanings of the debate words of T9 and the words of
T191. The perception of “crisis” is at some level understood when
the phrase “a crisis in the humanities” is read, even though the
reader hasn’t a notion of what it means to “a crisis in the
humanities” researcher. And, further, “a crisis in the
humanities” researcher never fully understands what the phrase
means because the phrase always invokes a flux of understandings
justified according to the needs of various perspectives taken. This
implies that perspectives into “a crisis in the humanities” may
effectively be rhetorical according to knowledge gained through
ongoing analyses. And, further, the more that the phrase “a crisis
in the humanities” appears in publication, the greater the audience
it speaks to.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Comparing the two models top topics
that contain the word “humanities” we find that both models’
top topics may be labeled Humanities and Sciences.</b>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This is a very noteworthy finding in
that if there is a crisis that arises out of the tension between the
humanities and the sciences then a level of tension reveals itself as
a common theme whether the corpus is comprised of individual student
comments, or comprised of public documents. The evidence for the
above observation follows:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001/projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/modules/dfr_browser/topics250/topics/index.html#/topic/25"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Model-A
2238 Topic 25</u></span></a> (a topic that could be labeled
Humanities and Sciences)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/chomp_mic_humanities_2000-01-01_2020-01-01_20.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
1</u></span></a> “there is no guarantee that an engineering or tech
diploma means you are set for life."(“Did You Choose the Right
Major?,” Mic, 2014-03-24)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/6742_6742_thenewyorktimes_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_1981-01-01_1981-12-31_1_25_5.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
2</u></span></a> “College graduates who received engineering
degrees this year were offered salaries averaging about $25,000,
again getting the highest offers of any group of graduates”
(“Degrees in Engineering Bring Top Offers for ’81 Graduates,”
The New York Times, August 04, 1981)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/144571_144571_thevirginianpilot_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2012-01-01_2012-12-31_698_0_1.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
3</u></span></a> “college graduates with bachelor's degrees in the
arts, humanities, and architecture experienced significantly higher
rates of joblessness” (“It’s a matter of degrees - some are
less useful.” The Virginian-Pilot, January 07, 2012)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/313401_313401_educationweek_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2013-01-01_2013-12-31_199_7_0.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
4 </u></span></a>“A new study supports the value of a liberal arts
education over time, countering some of the claims that science,
math, engineering, and technology are the most lucrative career
paths” (“Study Highlights Value Of Liberal Arts Major,”
Education Week, January 29, 2014)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10001//projects/all-hands/20190620_2238_us-humanities-all-no-reddit/project_data/json/8075_8075_thewashingtonpost_bodypluralhumanitiesorhleadpluralhumanities_2014-01-01_2014-12-31_121_31_5.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
5</u></span></a> “That is why so many employers who want to hire
thinkers and problem-solvers look no further than humanities
students.” (“College teaches one to think,” The Washington
Post, September 03, 2014)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/#/topic/105"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Model-B
Reddit Topic 105</u></span></a> Stem vs. Non-Stem</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2016_01_humanities_student_major_973_college.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
1</u></span></a> “never EVER think that a liberal_arts major is
\"inferior\" because they don't do math until 3 am.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2013_10_humanities_student_major_634_badhistory.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
2</u></span></a> “Physics student, so can chime in here. STEM
students feel that their major is harder and more rigorous than those
who major in the liberal_arts, particularly since STEM fields are
very math heavy.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2017_11_humanities_student_major_569_college.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
3</u></span></a> “It[.] because of the stigma in society, because
the way such subjects are advertised in society -- they make it seem
like math and science are difficult subjects that take real skill to
do, and anything else can be done by everyone.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2016_06_humanities_student_major_1211_askwomen.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
4 </u></span></a>"Well here[.] the thing. It[.] harder to FAIL
at humanities, social_sciences, etc. So it[.] easier to coast, and
the students who don't want to do much work are going to gravitate to
those fields.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">
<a href="http://harbor.english.ucsb.edu:10002/dfr-browser/20190124_2109_CSUN-Reddit-SubCorpus-A/json/2012_11_humanities_student_major_1112_srsdiscussion.json"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>Doc
5</u></span></a> “Its the ridiculous perception that these people
are somehow *better* than non-STEM majors, and that their ability to
use \"logic\" makes them superior to \"emotional\"
women.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The comparison of these topics reveals
two different catalysts of tension between the humanities and science
majors. In Model-A “humanities” T25 the concern is the economic
viability of humanities majors vs. sciences majors. In Model-B
“humanities” T105 the concern is the difficulty of humanities
majors curriculum when compared to STEM majors curriculum and how the
issue of stereotype plays a part in the way that students feel about
their identity; the comments show that the students are concerned
about how they are perceived and they are concerned about the
economic viability of their major.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
So, the comparison implies that
published articles biggest concerns about the humanities and the
sciences are economic viability of the majors and the Reddit
commenters biggest concern is how students perceive themselves in
relationship to their major. Therefore “if” a crisis exists in
the humanities then it likely exists whenever the tension rises
between the two “fields” of disciplines either in economic terms
or when the tension rises due to negative stereotyping of student
identity. Additionally, external pressures and stresses contribute to
a general sense of a state of crisis, and may contribute in one way
or another to a student’s choice of major (e.g., “I’m so
stressed out that I’m just going to go along with my parents.”).</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The correspondences between topics and
keywords were surprising in the above finding that two topics of two
different models confirm the highest tension in the models exists
between the humanities and sciences; the distribution of the theme,
(the humanities/sciences debate) is homogenous across models. The disparity between the two models are the different audiences that the
documents address. The Reddit commenters address others within a
topic thread of comments in a subreddit, and the published articles
address specific public audiences related to their papers’
distribution.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Conclusions from the comparison
between the two models follow:</b>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The highest tension that might be
termed a crisis is related to student identification with a particular
major. And, the greatest external pressure on how well or poorly a
student feels about their major is the economic viability of their
major. Further, since the crisis is located in the discourse between
the humanities and the sciences, in both published articles and
within Reddit comments, I believe the same will be found in a
comparison between all media forms. In other words, it will be
possible to label a topic “Humanities and Sciences” in all of the
existing topic models. This is due to the homogenous distribution of
the “Humanities and Sciences” theme across all spectrums of
corpora that contain the search term “humanities.” And, further,
this assumption implies that the humanities define the sciences and
Vice a Versa. Neither can exist without the other and therefore a
crisis in the humanities, at some level, always was and always will
be a crisis between the humanities and the sciences.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-6141260867714359682019-07-22T09:43:00.001-07:002019-07-22T09:44:58.665-07:00An Example of a Recent Research ReportFirst Qualtrics Survey Narrative by Ray<br />
Through a set of reductionist procedures, the default pyLDAvis model set of topics beneath the red conditional topic distribution bubble of topic 110 may be reduced such that all documents in each topic distill down to a single topic sentence and then to a single word. The resulting words might be thought of as the most concise approximation of the representation of each corresponding document. Utilizing pyLDAvis, for words similar to ‘crisis’ within correlated topics we have “stress,” “sustainability,” “trump,” “poverty,” “criticized,” “economic,” “terrorism,” and we have the following correlations:<br />
looking at T223, ‘stress,’ we have T104 related<br />
looking at T82 ‘sustainability,’ we have T37 related<br />
looking at T85, ‘trump,’ we have very many topics related.<br />
looking at T65, ‘poverty,’ we have T118 and 90 and 64 most related<br />
looking at T134, ‘criticized,’ we have T240 most related<br />
looking at T110 ‘economic,’ we have T245 most related<br />
looking at T163, ‘terrorism,’ we have T178 most related<br />
Where all reductions may be further reduced to the single word “problems.” And, the words “laughter,” “Freud,” and “humanities that oppose crisis might be considered as solutions:”<br />
looking at T90, “laughter,” we have T97 (life, love) most related<br />
looking at T118, “humanities,” we have T34 and T90 most related<br />
looking at T69, “Freud,” we have T146 most related<br />
For clarity, examples of the above opposition follow: Freudian analysis resolves personality crisis; humanities discourse addresses and resolves human problems; laughter rejoices on behalf of being alive. And, many of the reviewed topic documents related to the word “humanities” are arguments on behalf of the humanities.<br />
<br />
Conclusively, humanities discourse represents a high level of rhetoric that attempts to position the humanities as a worthy pursuit in a world of high tech and science. Rather than humanities discourse found in (university) humanities curriculum, the reading of topic documents reveals argumentation on behalf of the humanities. Positive justifications for the humanities and a sense of crisis often going hand in hand, and the rhetoric confirms some need that humanities academics have for resolving varying perspectives into a crisis in the humanities.<br />
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Using Qualtrics module 4.c to compare the words humanities with problems<br />
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For the first word, “humanities,” the topics and top documents convey friction, a state of high energy of human concern, that attempts to dissipate its state through a synthesis with the sciences and less problematic academic curriculum. Thus, a focused study of the sources of tension likely leads to better solutions. In other words, a close reading of documents within the listed associated topics-with-words (semantic relations) reveals “how crisis-related words relate to the humanities in public discourse.” Proceeding with this assumption, the documents of topic 191 appear to provide a recommendation to a “crisis” in the humanities in general. The top documents of topic 191 for which I labeled “Humanities and Science,” contain the following :<br />
Top Doc 1: “As Dr. Chun will suggest, now is a perfect time for scientists and humanities scholars to come together to answer the hard questions about how to solve the most pressing problems of our world.”<br />
Top Doc 2: ‘ ''The Hubris of the Humanities'' (column, Dec. 6): Nicholas D. Kristof correctly argues that Americans need a better diet of science to meet the complexities of civilization. His argument rests on a division between a liberal arts education and one based on science.’<br />
Top Doc 3: ‘Intellectually we seldom venture outside our comfort zones unless forced to. Humanities students fulfill their physical sciences requirement only under duress while future computer scientists disdain having to sit through one ethnic studies class.’<br />
Top Doc 4: ‘People generally see philosophy as impractical, unnecessary or entirely subjective. They say philosophers ponder the meaning of life and other abstract questions but contribute nothing to ?society’<br />
Top Doc 5: ‘ABSTRACT [...] cutting requirements would decrease the number of social studies teachers, and would therefore decrease the number of electives available to all students. [...] social studies is not only fascinating, it is some of the most practical knowledge you can acquire.’<br />
Top Doc 6: ‘The Ohio Department of Education's over-complicated and over-detailed new standards include a 40-page "Learning Standards" for Social Studies, as well as "model curricula" for each grade K-12. Four "strands" (history, government, geography, and economics) with included "skill topics" illustrate the broad scope of Social Studies and seem like a good formula for living (if actually taught and experienced in the classroom).’<br />
Top Doc 7: Of all the non-useful things people believe, have no proof of but perpetuate, I'd like to put one to rest: ‘"You can't do anything with" (fill in the blank) an English degree, a degree in philosophy or anything in the general vicinity of the humanities or social sciences. But that belief is just false, false, false - especially today.’<br />
It follows that whenever a topic where all the documents must contain the term “humanities,” and “science” and or STEM like terms the topic will mostly contain rhetorical discourse that argues in favor of more or different humanities curriculum and/or a synthesis of both humanities and science curriculum.<br />
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Second New Default 250 Topic Model Qualtrics Survey and Reddit<br />
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Topic 9, “Problems,” became the most substantially weighted topic in the new default model. This is not a coincidence since it is the critical state of all problems that the new model through its key search term “humanities” is in conversation with. Etymologically speaking, crisis, as documented in the HTOED as “< Latin crisis, < Greek κρsσις discrimination, decision, crisis, < κρsνειν to decide), and “critical” as documented in the OED as “Critical 5. Of the nature of, or constituting, a crisis: a. Of decisive importance in relation to the issue. spec. critical path: the most important sequence of stages in an operation, determining the time needed for the whole operation; frequently attributive” manifest as either “critical” conditions or “crisis” conditions of particular problems found in the corpus. In either case, critical (related words critic, criticism and critique) and analytical thinking found throughout humanities discourse are necessary and paramount to addressing all problematic issues we as humans face.<br />
Model analysis to answer the question “How prevalent is ‘humanities crisis discourse (discourse about the crisis in the humanities) as compared with other ways of talking about the humanities (again, within specific contexts)?’ reveals a small number of topics related to the words ‘crisis,’ and ‘critical.’ Humanities crisis discourse is little when compared to the fact that every document of the corpus is in conversation with the "humanities" search term.<br />
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A quantitatively similar observation in the Reddit corpora shows that comments confirm that crisis discourse compared with overall discourse about the humanities is small. The following procedures taken prove the above conclusion:<br />
Using grep -o -i "\bcrisis\b" Reddit-All-Humanities-2006-2018.json | wc -l, grep -o -i "\bcrisis in the humanities\b" Reddit-All-Humanities-2006-2018.json | wc -l, and grep -o -i "\bhumanities crisis\b" Reddit-All-Humanities-2006-2018.json | wc -l<br />
Within a total of 270,784 comments that include the search term “humanities,” “crisis” appears 1562 times, “crisis in the humanities” appears 24 times, and “humanities crisis” appears 12 times.<br />
Using grep -o -i "\bcrisis\b" Reddit-Liberal-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l, grep -o -i "\bcrisis in the humanities\b" Reddit-Liberal-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l, and grep -o -i "\bhumanities crisis\b" Reddit-Liberal-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l<br />
Within a total of 243,476 comments that include the search term “liberal arts,” “crisis” appears 822 times, “crisis in the humanities” appears two times, and “humanities crisis” appears one time.<br />
Using grep -o -i "\bcrisis\b" Reddit-The-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l, grep -o -i "\bcrisis in the humanities\b" Reddit-The-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l, and grep -o -i "\bhumanities crisis\b" Reddit-The-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l<br />
Within a total of 287,335 comments that include the search term “the arts,” “crisis” appears 1029 times, “crisis in the humanities” appears 0 times, and “humanities crisis” appears 0 times.<br />
The word “crisis” appears a total of 3,413 times within 801,595 comments for a corresponding representation within the corpus of 0.00425776: 1 out of every 235 comments contains the word “crisis.“ Similar to topics 93 and 143 discussed above, “crisis” is again more often related to financial matters and not related to the humanities.<br />
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“Crisis” is an integral “gloss” in humanities discourse most often addressed, at lower value levels of “a crisis in the humanities,” under the guise of the words “problem” and “problems.” Since a “problem” is a condition, and “problems,” are conditions along paths where critical points are stationed to prevent a crisis or to resolve a crisis, the listing of the number of times “problem,” and “problems” appear alongside the three search terms in Reddit comments follows:<br />
Using grep -o -i "\bproblem\b" Reddit-All-Humanitiesl-2006-2018.json | wc -l<br />
reveals that within a total of 270,784 comments that include the search term “humanities,” “problem” appears 20,060 times, and “problems” appear 10,501 times.<br />
Using grep -o -i "\bproblems\b" Reddit-Libera-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l<br />
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reveals that within a total of 243,476 comments that include the search term “liberal arts,” “problem” appears 14,508 times, and “problems” appear 5,980 times.<br />
Using grep -o -i "\bproblem\b" Reddit-The-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l and grep -o -i "\bproblems\b" Reddit-Thel-Arts-All-2006-2018.json | wc -l<br />
reveals that within a total of 287,335 comments that include the search term “the arts,” “problem” appears 14,036 times, and “problems” appear 6,578 times.<br />
Out of 801,595 comments that include the three search terms “problem” and “problems” appear 71,663 times or 0.089400508. Therefore approximately one out of every eleven comments contains the words problem or problems. Whereas crisis discourse is one comment out of 235 comments, “problem” terms are 21.35 times as prevalent. This fact complicates the question of how prevailing crisis discourse is and “crisis discourse” depends on how close the problems discussed in the documents approach definition as crisis problems.<br />
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Despite the assumption that "humanities crisis discourse" is not that prevalent, an examination of the relationship between humanities discourse and crisis discourse more broadly shows that conceptually these discourses are very intimately related in a broader intellectual sense. Humanities curriculum addresses the issues surrounding the condition of being human, of which the ultimate crisis is death. "Humanities" discourse is always critical, and, in some way in conversation with "crisis," especially when art makes a statement through performance. Like science, humanities discourse clears the forest with ever higher forms of awareness, and makes all that exists more than historically possible. Thus, humanities discourse is the act that overcomes the greatest crisis in humanities: non-existence; through critical analysis, the humanities disciplines work toward the goal of superseding the human condition. Therefore, humanities discourse is always at varying value levels of “a crisis in the humanities.” The most critical point is located at the apex of a “crisis”, and critical points exist in each step along the way to resolving a crisis. Tension first builds to a crucial point and then dissipates, breaks down, or resolves in some way. In this sense then, critical thinking enters almost every document written argumentatively as well as to rhetorically convey meaning via problem resolution. The what, how, and why of college essay writing as well as published problem resolution articles inherently contain some level of crisis.<br />
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In summary of the Qualtrics survey 4c, observation of the model with the above perspective in mind suggests that "crisis” language, especially through relationships to the word(s) “problem(s),” exists inherently as a “gloss” or ghosting of the meaning of “crisis” that enters into the four reviewed topics, T93, T134, T2, and T42.<br />
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-53172706513128895232018-12-14T09:30:00.000-08:002018-12-14T13:38:05.685-08:00Digital Humanities Final Paper 2018<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
13th Dec 2018</div>
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Reddit</div>
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By Ray Steding</div>
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The 525DH WE1S team began by aligning itself with the project goals of the UCSB Students and the Humanities Team as set out by Abigail Droge. Their “Team Overview” states: “The goal of this team is to understand the interactions between US college students and the humanities. We will approach the question from multiple perspectives, including those of educators, students, and institutions.” The focus of the project is to contextualize the discourse that students have about the humanities. Abigail’s project includes more than this as to methodology and hypothesis. With the understanding of her research goals and with the communications between the UCSB "Students and the Humanities Team" and the "525DH WE1S" team through the course of the semester, our team set out to gather meaningful data to supplement and to model.</div>
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Joyce Brummet became our WE1S project leader during one of our in-class meetings in which we decided to separate into two groups of data inquiry: The Twitter team and the Reddit team. Since I have experience with gathering data I assisted when called on. I focused on how to obtain, process, and interpret the Reddit data.</div>
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Initially, I searched out and found a large Reddit file from doing Internet searches, but it turned out not to contain the Reddit comments of interest. I continued down a Google thread to find that Google offered a product known as Google BigQuery and they give anyone a $300 free credit line to begin doing searches on what they have available. Through BigQuery I obtained all of the available, and for my purposes, usable Reddit comments from all of the community colleges, the California State colleges, the UC system colleges, and the ivy league colleges. Additionally, I downloaded subReddit comments from the askReddit, education, explainlikeimfive, politics, soccer, applyingtocollege, and LeagueOfLegends.</div>
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With that data available to me I began to write the software to convert it into JSON files that would be accepted by the UCSB “harbor” server notebooks Finally, I produced the Reddit topic models. In recap, this is the process that I used:</div>
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<ul>
<li>Query Google’s database and download the results as source files in JSON format</li>
<li>Grep the source files for the search terms humanities, liberal arts, the arts, and STEM.</li>
<li>Take the resultant files and process them through python code such that the files conformed to the WE1S Workflow Management System.</li>
<li>Upload the files to a harbor server data directory as zipped files.</li>
<li>Run the jupyter notebooks on the server to process the files into topic models aligned with the goals of the project.</li>
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The Google BigQuery SQL command that I used follows:</div>
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<ol>
<li>SELECT author, body</li>
<li>FROM fh-bigquery.reddit_comments.2018*</li>
<li>WHERE subreddit = 'UCLA'</li>
<li>AND REGEXP_CONTAINS(body, r'(?i)\bhumanities\b|\bliberal arts\b|\bthe arts\b')</li>
<li>LIMIT 16000</li>
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The resultant JSON files from queries such as the above were lists of all the comments in the acquired subReddits which contained the search terms humanities, liberal arts, the arts, and STEM.</div>
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To get all of the BigQuery files into a format that the UCSB jupyter notebooks accepted I had to write python code. I wrote the programs as separate cells in jupyter notebooks that I ran locally. The Jupyter notebooks created are located at the end of this post.</div>
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After processing the files into their acceptable WE1S format I zipped them and uploaded them into the /data/data-scraped/CSUN-Reddit-Data subfolder on the UCSB server here. I often altered the code depending on what needed to be accomplished. For instance, I added the textblob sentiment values to the bibliography of the DFR Browser by including the value in the schema title field.</div>
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All of the topic models produced are in a Google spreadsheet <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Uq-zuyXXHVbe8RUkDpGUDUhFlLaPPF9JsocS0V0Sz9Q/edit#gid=0" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
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The topic models within the spreadsheet have preliminary notes with a brief description of what I hoped to accomplish by producing the model. All of the models presented different themes (topics) that ran through the corpora included in the file list of the import topic model data jupyter notebook 1. I always looked at the first five topics in the models and read through the first five comments in each of the five topics. I also looked at the topics that had the highest representation within the model.</div>
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While making the first of the topic models with BigQuery subReddit data, a torrent file that I had requested about a month earlier for all of the 2017 Reddit comments automatically downloaded onto my computer. The new 2017 data files, some 122 GB of comments in three JSON list formatted files, presented me with the opportunity of modeling an entire year's worth of Reddit comments. I could analyze what every 2017 Reddit commenter says about the humanities. So, I did, but I first had to again get the data from the source files into an acceptable format for the UCSB jupyter notebooks. The two programs that I wrote were slight adaptations from the first code.</div>
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The coding of the last two programs shows improvement from the first two processing programs and may be compared with the first two programs at the end of this post. The longer that I used Google searches and StackOverFlow the easier it became to get the code to do what I wanted and needed it to do. Working with files as lists of elements reminded me of working with arrays in other languages, but it is not an intuitive process and many of the examples on StackOverFlow and other sites did not include a solution to what I looked for.</div>
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After clearing up the coding issues I then had to deal with a pesky problem on the UCSB notebooks. I sometimes received the following error:</div>
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Error in load_from_mallet_state(mallet_state_file = paste0(modelDir, "/", \: hyperparameter notation missing. Is this really a file produced by mallet train-topics --output-state?</div>
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I still don’t know whether the problem is within one of the many thousands of source files or within notebook 4 make topic model cell 7 topics. Sometimes the files would go through and other times the same files would not. Sometimes if I created a whole new project it worked and other times not. I always ran the three jupyter notebooks in sequence, but it didn’t help.<br />
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Despite the difficulties, the research models gave me insight on many topic model questions such as does a balanced model comprised of equal file sizes from different subReddits result in a more homogeneous mix of topic files present within a topic? And, does representativeness become more apparent when both file size and distribution across subReddits comprises a corpus? The answers to both questions are yes. Another question that arose out of looking at the topic models was why do comments from specific subReddits align as the majority of files under specific topics? The files representing a topic often were all from one subReddit. This tendency became greatly exaggerated in the models wherein the corpora are from the University Wire and subReddits. Files tended to constellate according to whether they were University Wire or subReddits even when their file sizes equaled each other. In any event, it also became apparent that although different search term articles may be mixed within a topic model, different genres of corpora may not. Thus, Twitter, for the most part, should be its own genre and not mixed with University Wire or subReddits; genres should be analyzed independently of each other.</div>
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Persevering past the point of doubt</div>
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Although I’m still in the early stages of working with the models, the models have given me first-hand experience with the terrain of discourse used by different sectors of the commenters. My interest is in the discourse of two opposing groups of students: humanities students and STEM students. First, I want to know their reasons for taking their majors and for postgraduate students I want to know how they feel about the results as they seek employment. Secondly, I want to know the sentiment and subjectivity values to help analyze the feeling tone of student discourse. A noticeable type of discourse seems almost unique to each subReddit and this may be part of the reason specific subReddits align under specific topics. Additionally, moderators keep the commenters in line. Since I’m most interested in why students believe few job opportunities exist for humanities majors I became excited when I found a topic that included mostly comments about a crisis in STEM from a surplus of STEM field workers.</div>
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This led me to the last two models created this semester. Topic model M and topic model N have corpora comprised of data with the humanities search terms and the word crisis and the search term STEM and the word crisis. What becomes immediately apparent when looking at these models is that the comments are unusually long comments. It seems like the word crisis comes with an earnest explanation. Actually, two dissimilar words are less likely to appear in smaller documents than they are within a larger context. I’ve read many of the crisis comments but am not through with them, and so I don’t have any conclusions at this point.</div>
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When I began work on the What Every 1 Says project during Summer Camp I thought about what I would like to topic model. What first came to mind was the crises that lead one to make difficult decisions in life such that they become more than what they are at the time. Something like those moments of indecision where there are no good answers except to proceed in one doubtful way or another. On both an individual level as well as a collective level crisis leads to something greater. I also liked the idea since I’m a runner of somehow modeling motivation that pushes one past the point of absolute doubt on to championship in whatever field or discipline. So to me, the question of a crisis in the humanities defines the conditions representative of the barrier of doubt that must be overcome. What is present in the mind of a researcher, engineer, scholar, professional of any field that gives them the perseverance to push past the doubt of their hypothesis? What is the discourse of the students as they push past their parent's ideals? I presume in the context of students that the barrier I’ve been reading about is the belief that they will have no future should they become humanities majors. As one commenter bluntly states: "here's my story I graduated college almost years ago with a useless degree in humanities it took me more than a year to find a full-time job that paid less than dollar k prior to finding a full-time job." But, maybe that condition is a subset within the larger meaning of crisis--the crisis of being human; the human condition; the human condition that perseverance changes.</div>
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Researching two different forms of a crisis in the humanities</div>
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This is my personal narrative from a few days ago that relates to choosing what to research.</div>
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I woke up from having a dream on how to add more material to my topic model analysis. I remembered from the dream a looping of information from the Liberal Arts data files back into the topic model source material. I watched as each iteration changed the model. It must have been from what I was reading on my screen not long before I went to bed. To be clear, when I was awake before going to bed that night I talked with my roommate about a personal interest that I had about topic modeling research that might include analyzing the way people faced the difficult choices in life; the choices that caused them to become more than who they are: the fulfillment of their potentialities. Well, on the screen when I woke up, by coincidence, was the following Reddit comment which is a short story:</div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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i ignored the doorbell as it rang for the seventeenth time in the past four minutes i had work to do the study of neuroparasitology was not to be halted for girl scout<br />
cookies i used amazon like a normal person besides i was pretty sure i was close to discovering a creature at least partially responsible for aberrant behavior in dogs<br />
then i heard my door open the telephone rang again but i left it i hadn`t slept in hours and whoever kept calling could wait until my work was complete a moment later<br />
there was a cough from behind me i waved my hand absently it was probably gary with some insignificant question about how a section of the brain functioned during<br />
mating and how that would affect a mite hidden nearby honestly i had no idea how he got his phd i finished making my notes and turned around i had finished my pre<br />
lecture sigh during the chair spin and was preparing the usual diatribe when i noticed three large men in suits were there instead of my idiot colleague startled but not<br />
unduly alarmed i wondered if they were investors sir youre going to have to come with us the higher ups want to talk to you i was now quite concerned that the private<br />
company funding my important research was going to pull funds or had made a deal with some mafia types ridiculous but not impossible i frowned at him but nodded<br />
assent as i went to put on some pants the benefits of working from home meant i usually didnt have to worry about such stupid social delicacies as pants but id make<br />
an exception to keep my job i followed the bulky men noticing guns and an alertness that spoke to their quality i noticed that my door was still in tact as we left the<br />
building and that there was a couple of guards waiting outside who locked up after me i was led from my small house to one of four large black suvs on the street i<br />
spent the next thirty minutes thinking about where my quarry might be hiding it clearly wasnt a stem parasite but it affected behaviors influenced by both lobes i had<br />
been confident where id been looking but it hadnt been there i made some notes on my lab coat notebook eventually i arrived at a large building it was a government<br />
building of some kind it wasnt clear what it was for but it had all the look of petty bureaucracy it looked like my afternoon was going to be wasted on paperwork and<br />
financial inquiries i was lead to an office on the top floor not a good sign and everyone in the building seemed to be straining to get a look at me i was glad id<br />
remembered to put on pants sometimes i forgot and everyone got in a tizzy i was motioned into a room and saw a large table and an empty chair close to me on the<br />
other side was a line of people seated comfortably with an extensive spread of documents in front of them i sat down and looked at the documents waiting for them to<br />
finish their arbitrary introductions this didnt look to be about neuroparasitology at all i caught the last couple of names senators of some such we brought you here<br />
because after an extensive and exhaustive search we have uncovered that you alphonse anderson are the most intelligent person on the planet we have arranged for<br />
you solve all the big questions posed to our species about time you idiots have been bumbling about these questions for years all the infrastructure is there and no<br />
one gets how to use it its all the bloody paperwork a man from the corner stepped out and placed stacks of folders down in front of me each listed with a major crisis<br />
each of these folders tells you the resources at your disposal and the problem that needs to be solved she droned on some more but i wasnt listening i scanned the<br />
first folder homelessness and tossed it towards them put the homeless in a warehouse and have them work on assembling care packages to send abroad i continued<br />
food is easy its all there it just has to rounded up and distributed instead of being left to rot reduce the best before dates and ship them to impoverished nations for<br />
single day items like hamburgers or whatever give them to local food banks and shelters after closing i went through the files easily putting matters to rest after i was<br />
halfway through the stack i came to one that gave me some trouble the meaning of the universe i asked the stunned board in front of me well yes one of them<br />
stammered back at me no scientific solution ask some philosopher about your drivel but its the most important question there one of the women shouted she was<br />
minister of something or another probably something in the arts with an attitude like that all the people ive saved will have plenty of time to ponder that once they stop<br />
dying to make a determination on that id need more information than humanity has at its disposal if you want my personal opinion i would say there is no purpose to<br />
the universe no divine entity and no driving unseen force its a story of star dust biology and luck no sooner had i finished my sentence than everyone in the room<br />
began to scream i sat back perplexed as they wailed with a kind of agony that i hadnt even imagined i could see fires start in the building across the street cars<br />
suddenly swerve into each other in the roads below id seen the microphone from the start of course but i hadnt been aware that the world was listening live over the<br />
next few weeks death tolls mounted my policies to reduce the suffering of mankind more for efficiencys sake than sympathy had ended suddenly when everyone<br />
despaired in the face of a cruel reality it was only a matter of time until everything broke down still i was pretty happy with the results id been allowed to go back to my<br />
research after all.</blockquote>
</div>
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The story has elements of looping within it. The microphone left on broadcasts out to the masses. The protagonist likely became infected by the creepy parasites that control their hosts. The parasites which he's become are the subject of the research. It is still open in another tab in my browser and is a story written within the “The Arts” search term result from grep searching the 2017 Reddit files. It is an exhibit so to speak, a real-life example, of the kind of research that I was talking with my roommate about. I did not read the whole story closely until I awoke. It’s an example of the “looping” of material back into the topic model results. In my case, it combined with my discussion with my roommate, formed into a dream, and resulted in a realization, but a realization of what I hoped to find with topic modeling at the beginning of Summer Camp. It has a fuzzy logic about it--it’s kind of spooky. The reason is, is that the last line seems to explain what I’d been telling my roommate; what I’m interested in researching: “suddenly when everyone despaired in the face of a cruel reality it was only a matter of time until everything broke down still I was pretty happy with the results id been allowed to go back to my research” (anonymous, 2017, Reddit comment): the reality that breaks down and leads one to persevere and overcome is what I'm happy to research.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
In conclusion, what I thought a crisis in the humanities meant to me as opposed to what a crisis in the humanities means to the WE1S project, materialized as a legitimate path of research distinct from the project goals of WE1S, but yet not so different in topic modeling procedure. My path forward like the protagonist in the story above says, “I’d been allowed to go back to my research” is what in one way symbolizes a resolution of a crisis in the humanities. The fictional story represents the efforts of a struggling author as he or she confronts and overcomes their personal crisis in the humanities. On the way to becoming more than a fantasy about potentialities, they are writing it out and affecting the world with their words.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBv2UStArjcEPV4kbKASDEK8b234LRolQyU4eKmn25bQ8QOCRKUAFaWKlIQkd-IYQe-puUJDoFCatZsetMMbzm9n5XgjswTQlBvqu9atf7McdY6xvCDk7p_f4e2CbxsjyaMEnUkWqMRj4/s1600/CrisisInTheHumanities.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="1161" height="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBv2UStArjcEPV4kbKASDEK8b234LRolQyU4eKmn25bQ8QOCRKUAFaWKlIQkd-IYQe-puUJDoFCatZsetMMbzm9n5XgjswTQlBvqu9atf7McdY6xvCDk7p_f4e2CbxsjyaMEnUkWqMRj4/s640/CrisisInTheHumanities.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The Following two python cells process the Google BigQuery JSON files.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
2018-11-21-JSON-Metadata-searchterm-sentiment is located on the 525 DH WE1S Google Drive here.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''2018-11-21-JSON-Metadata-searchterm-sentiment.pynb Author raysteding@gmail.com</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
This file takes the .json Reddit list files from Google BitQuery and cleans them. Many things such as the</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
exclusion of the comments with STEM in them could have been handled better, but it was a fun learning experience.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import json</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import re</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import pprint</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import os</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import glob</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import codecs</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# set the path to the .json list files that you wish to process into .txt files</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# why do this when they need to be .json? It is an option that I chose. You can change it</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# The code assumes that only the .json source files exist in the source directory although subdirectories are ok.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
path = r'C:\Users\rayst\Documents\525-DH\software\dev\Lexos-cleaned\selected_documents'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
#set the counters to zero</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
count = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt2 = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Process every .json source file from Google's BigQuery that is in the above source directory</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for filename in glob.glob(os.path.join(path, '*.json')):</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
filename2 = filename</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
filepath2 = filename2.replace(".json", "-")</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
fp = codecs.open(filename, 'r', 'UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
filepath2 = filepath2 + str(cnt) + '.txt'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile = open(filepath2, 'w', encoding='UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt2 = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# next omit the comments about stem cells because they most likely refer to biology</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# rather than related to STEM vs. humanities</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for line in fp:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt2 += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word = line</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word2 = line</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word3 = line</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word4 = line</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
result = word.find('stem cells')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
result2 = word2.find('Stem cells')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
result3 = word3.find('stem cell')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
result4 = word4.find('Stem cell')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
if (word.find('stem cells') != -1) or (word2.find('Stem cells') != -1) \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
or (word3.find('stem cell') != -1) or (word4.find('Stem cell') != -1):</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = fp.readline()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# If the comment isn't about biology then process the comment. Note that each line is an entire comment.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
else:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Get rid of the username of the comment because it is not needed</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
first,second = line.split('\"body\":')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = second</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Clean the line. Here you can add anything that you wish to get rid of or alter.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('|',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('\"',' ') ; line = line.replace('(', ' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace(')',' ') ; line = line.replace('}',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('{',' ') ; line = line.replace('/n/n',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('/n',' ') ; line = line.replace('{', ' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('\\',' ') ; line = line.replace('\n\n',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace(' n n',' ') ; line = line.replace(' n ',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('[',' ') ; line = line.replace(']',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('*',' ') ; line = line.replace('&',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('/',' ') ; line = line.replace('\\',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('\'','') ; line = line.replace(',',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('.',' ') ; line = line.replace(':',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('0',' ') ; line = line.replace('1',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('2',' ') ; line = line.replace('3',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('4',' ') ; line = line.replace('5',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('6',' ') ; line = line.replace('7',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('8',' ') ; line = line.replace('9',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('-',' ') ; line = line.replace('$','dollar ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('%','percent ') ; line = line.replace(';',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('_',' ') ; line = line.replace('_____',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('?',' ') ; line = line.replace('!',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('&',' ') ; line = line.replace('',' ') ; line = line.replace('tp',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('deleted','') ; line = line.replace('removed','')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('ufffd','') ; line = re.sub('\s+', ' ', line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Change all the text to lower case</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.lower()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# This newline is needed to enable the search terms to be searched for and written out to a seperate file</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# print(line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.write(line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# print (count)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
count += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
if count == 50:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
filepath2 = filename2.replace(".json", "-")</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
filename3 = filepath2 + str(cnt2) + '.txt'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile = open(filename3, 'w', encoding='UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
count = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt2 += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = fp.readline()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
fp.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
#filepath2.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
#It might be a good idea to convert "&" tp "&", ">" to ">", "</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''This file takes the output txt files from the above program, and seperates comments out into four files</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
each with one of the key search terms as a condition for being written.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The file pattern is search term, sentiment value, filename.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
from textblob import TextBlob</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import json</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import re</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import pprint</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import os</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import glob</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import codecs</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
from textblob import TextBlob</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
text = ''''''</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
blob = TextBlob(text)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
blob.tags # [('The', 'DT'), ('titular', 'JJ'),</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# ('threat', 'NN'), ('of', 'IN'), ...]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
blob.noun_phrases # WordList(['titular threat', 'blob',</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# 'ultimate movie monster',</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# 'amoeba-like mass', ...])</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
#for sentence in blob.sentences:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# print(sentence.sentiment.polarity)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# 0.060</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# -0.341</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
#blob.translate(to="es") # 'La amenaza titular de The Blob...'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# set the path to the .json list files that you wish to process into .txt files</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# why do this when they need to be .json? It is an option that I chose. You can change it</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# The code assumes that only the .json source files exist in the source directory although subdirectories are ok.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
path = r'C:\Users\rayst\Documents\525-DH\software\dev\Lexos-cleaned\selected_documents'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
#set the counters to zero</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
count = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt2 = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
stem_cnt = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
humanities_cnt = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
liberal_arts_cnt = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
the_arts_cnt = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
#wiki = TextBlob("Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language.")</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Process every .json source file from Google's BigQuery that is in the above source directory</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for filename in glob.glob(os.path.join(path, '*.txt')):</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
fp = codecs.open(filename, 'r', 'UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# filepath2 = filepath2 + str(cnt) + '.txt'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# outfile = open(filepath2, 'w', encoding='UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt2 = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for line in fp:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cnt2 += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word = line</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word2 = line</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word3 = line</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word4 = line</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
result = word.find('humanities')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
result2 = word2.find('liberal arts')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
result3 = word3.find('the arts')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
result4 = word4.find('stem')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# process the the arts comments</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
if (word.find('humanities') != -1):</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
stem_cnt += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
blob = TextBlob(word)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(line,'\n')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for sentence in blob.sentences:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = ("%.3f" % round(sentence.sentiment.polarity ,3))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = str(sent)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = sent.replace('-', 'neg-')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(sent, '\n')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Capture the path into a list: list1[9] is the file name</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list1 = (filename.split('\\'))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# list2 becomes the date</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list2 = (list1[9].split('-'))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
newfname = path + '\\' 'humanities_' + sent + '_' + str(humanities_cnt) + '_' + list1[9]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
newfname = newfname.replace('.txt', '.json')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
document = 'humanities_' + sent + '_' + str(humanities_cnt) + '_' + list1[9]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
document = document.replace('.txt', '.json')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(newfname)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile = open(newfname, 'w', encoding='UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = ('{"doc_id": ' + '"' + document + '",' + '"attachment_id\": \"none\",\"pub\": \"Reddit\",\"pub_date\": \"' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ list2[1] + '\",\"length\": \"1500\",\"title\": \"' + document + '",' + '"name\": \"' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ document + '",' + '\"url": \"Google BigQuery\",\"namespace\": \"we1sv2.0\",\"metapath\": \"Corpus,' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ list1[9] + ',' + 'RawData\",\"content\": \"' + line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = list3.splitlines()[0]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = (list3 + '\"}')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.write(list3)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# process the liberal arts comments</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
if (word2.find('liberal arts') != -1):</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
stem_cnt += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
blob = TextBlob(word)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(line,'\n')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for sentence in blob.sentences:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = ("%.3f" % round(sentence.sentiment.polarity ,3))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = str(sent)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = sent.replace('-', 'neg-')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(sent, '\n')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Capture the path into a list: list1[9] is the file name</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list1 = (filename.split('\\'))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# list2 becomes the date</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list2 = (list1[9].split('-'))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
newfname = path + '\\' 'liberal_arts_' + sent + '_' + str(liberal_arts_cnt) + '_' + list1[9]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
newfname = newfname.replace('.txt', '.json')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
document = 'liberal_arts_' + sent + '_' + str(liberal_arts_cnt) + '_' + list1[9]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
document = document.replace('.txt', '.json')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(newfname)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile = open(newfname, 'w', encoding='UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = ('{"doc_id": ' + '"' + document + '",' + '"attachment_id\": \"none\",\"pub\": \"Reddit\",\"pub_date\": \"' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ list2[1] + '\",\"length\": \"1500\",\"title\": \"' + document + '",' + '"name\": \"' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ document + '",' + '\"url": \"Google BigQuery\",\"namespace\": \"we1sv2.0\",\"metapath\": \"Corpus,' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ list1[9] + ',' + 'RawData\",\"content\": \"' + line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = list3.splitlines()[0]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = (list3 + '\"}')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.write(list3)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# process the the arts comments</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
if (word3.find('the arts') != -1):</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
stem_cnt += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
blob = TextBlob(word)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(line,'\n')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for sentence in blob.sentences:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = ("%.3f" % round(sentence.sentiment.polarity ,3))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = str(sent)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = sent.replace('-', 'neg-')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(sent, '\n')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Capture the path into a list: list1[9] is the file name</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list1 = (filename.split('\\'))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# list2 becomes the date</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list2 = (list1[9].split('-'))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
newfname = path + '\\' 'the_arts_' + sent + '_' + str(the_arts_cnt) + '_' + list1[9]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
newfname = newfname.replace('.txt', '.json')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
document = 'the_arts_' + sent + '_' + str(the_arts_cnt) + '_' + list1[9]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
document = document.replace('.txt', '.json')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(newfname)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile = open(newfname, 'w', encoding='UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = ('{"doc_id": ' + '"' + document + '",' + '"attachment_id\": \"none\",\"pub\": \"Reddit\",\"pub_date\": \"' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ list2[1] + '\",\"length\": \"1500\",\"title\": \"' + document + '",' + '"name\": \"' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ document + '",' + '\"url": \"Google BigQuery\",\"namespace\": \"we1sv2.0\",\"metapath\": \"Corpus,' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ list1[9] + ',' + 'RawData\",\"content\": \"' + line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = list3.splitlines()[0]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = (list3 + '\"}')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.write(list3)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# process the stem comments</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
if (word4.find('stem') != -1):</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
stem_cnt += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
blob = TextBlob(word)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(line,'\n')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for sentence in blob.sentences:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = ("%.3f" % round(sentence.sentiment.polarity ,3))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = str(sent)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = sent.replace('-', 'neg-')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(sent, '\n')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Capture the path into a list: list1[9] is the file name</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list1 = (filename.split('\\'))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# list2 becomes the date</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list2 = (list1[9].split('-'))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
newfname = path + '\\' 'stem_' + sent + '_' + str(stem_cnt) + '_' + list1[9]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
newfname = newfname.replace('.txt', '.json')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
document = 'stem_' + sent + '_' + str(stem_cnt) + '_' + list1[9]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
document = document.replace('.txt', '.json')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(newfname)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile = open(newfname, 'w', encoding='UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = ('{"doc_id": ' + '"' + document + '",' + '"attachment_id\": \"none\",\"pub\": \"Reddit\",\"pub_date\": \"' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ list2[1] + '\",\"length\": \"1500\",\"title\": \"' + document + '",' + '"name\": \"' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ document + '",' + '\"url": \"Google BigQuery\",\"namespace\": \"we1sv2.0\",\"metapath\": \"Corpus,' \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ list1[9] + ',' + 'RawData\",\"content\": \"' + line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = list3.splitlines()[0]</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = (list3 + '\"}')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.write(list3)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = fp.readline()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
fp.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
The Following two python cells process the three 2017 Reddit torrent files.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
2017-Reddit-STEM-File-Processing-for-UCSB-Harbor is located on the 525DH WE1S Google Drive here</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''2017-Reddit-STEM-File-Processing-for-UCSB-Harbor.ipynb Author raysteding@gmail.com</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
This file adds a comma to the end of each line in the files grep'ped from the 40GB source files for the search term.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
For simplicity I add the commas to all lines and then hand-edit the last comma out and add the opening and closing</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
brackets at the beginning of the file and at the bottom of the file to make a json loadable file for further processing</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
in the cell below which takes the json file and exports out the Reddit comments.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import json</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import re</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import os</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import glob</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
path = r'C:\Users\rayst\Documents\525-DH\software\dev\Lexos-cleaned\Humanities-Crisis\the_arts3-crisis.json'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfilepath = r'C:\Users\rayst\Documents\525-DH\software\dev\Lexos-cleaned\Humanities-Crisis\the_arts3-crisis-edited.json'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile = (path)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile = open(outfilepath, 'w', encoding='UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
with open(path, 'r', encoding='UTF-8') as f:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for line in f:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('}','},')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Strip links from comments</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = re.sub(r'^https?:\/\/.*[\r\n]*', '', line, flags=re.MULTILINE)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.write(line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.close()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''This file processes the individual search terms from the complete 2017 reddit into .json files.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
It requires that the source file from above is in proper json format. It then opens that file and captures the "body"</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
and the subReddit that each comment comes from as well as the file name. It writes that data out into individual</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
comments along with the sentiment and subjectivity values produced by textblob into properly formatted json files</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
which includes the proper metadata according to the WE1S schema'''</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import json</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import os</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
import re</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
from textblob import TextBlob</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''textblob is a program that returns sentiment and subjectivity values. It has to be added to your system. The only</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
thing that needs to be edited in this file is the line below which calls and processes the file produced in the cell above.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
path = r'C:\Users\rayst\Documents\525-DH\software\dev\Lexos-cleaned\Humanities-Crisis\the_arts3-crisis-edited.json'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
file_cnt = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
with open(path, 'r') as f:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
num_lines = sum(1 for line in open(path))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
doc = json.loads(f.read())</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
count = 0</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_total = 0.000</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
while count ',' ')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('deleted','') ; line = line.replace('removed','')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.replace('ufffd','') ; line = re.sub('\s+', ' ', line)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Change all the text to lower case</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.lower()</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
line = line.rstrip('\r\n')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
content = line</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''Calculate the sentiment polarity'''</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
blob = TextBlob(content)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_total == 0.000</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_cnt = 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for sentence in blob.sentences:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = ("%.3f" % round(sentence.sentiment.polarity ,3))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = float(sent)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_total = sent_total + sent</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_cnt += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = sent_total / sent_cnt</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = round(sent, 3)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
SP = sent</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = 0.000</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_total = 0.000</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''Calculate the subjectivity value'''</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_total == 0.000</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_cnt = 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
for sentence in blob.sentences:</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = ("%.3f" % round(sentence.sentiment.subjectivity ,3))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = float(sent)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_total = sent_total + sent</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_cnt += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = sent_total / sent_cnt</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = round(sent, 3)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
SS = sent</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent = 0.000</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
sent_total = 0.000</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'''This is the beginning of assigning the WE1S schema variables'''</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Capture the path into a list: list1[9] is the file name</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# create an output filename</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
filename2 = f.name</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
filename2 = filename2.replace('-edited','')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
filename2 = filename2.replace('.json','')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
filename2 = filename2 + '_' + str(file_cnt) + '.json'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
file_title = (os.path.basename(filename2))</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
date = '2017'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Capture the word length as char</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word_lengths = len(content.split())</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
word_lengths = str(word_lengths)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Create a single variable with the sentiment, subjectivity, word lengths, and file title</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
document = str(subreddit) + '_' + 'sentiment' + '_'+ str(SP) + '_' + 'subjectivity' + '_' + str(SS) \</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ '_' + 'words=' + word_lengths + '_' + file_title</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
# Put all the data required by the WE1S schema into a variable for the output file</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = (</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
'{' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"doc_id\": \"' + file_title + '\",' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"attachment_id\": ' + '\"none' + '\",' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"pub\": ' + '\"subReddits' + '\",' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"pub_date\": \"' + date + '\",' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"length\": \"' + word_lengths + '\",' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"title\": \"' + document + '\",' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"content\": \"' + content + '\",' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"name\": \"' + document + '\",' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"namespace\": \"we1sv2.0' + '\",' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ ' \"metapath\": \"Corpus' + ',' + file_title + ',' + 'RawData\"' + '\n'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
+ '}'</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
list3 = (list3)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
count += 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
print(filename2)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile = open(filename2, 'w', encoding='UTF-8')</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
outfile.write(list3)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
file_cnt += 1<br />
outfile.close()</div>
<style type="text/css"> @page { margin: 0.79in } p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; line-height: 115% } </style>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-18249358623470815422018-12-08T22:19:00.003-08:002018-12-14T12:05:24.403-08:00What is Value?<div align="center" style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">On The Issue of Machine Value within a Marxist Theory of Capitalism</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span> In the edited collection of the Cutting Edge “Why Machines Cannot Create Value; or, Marxist Theory of Machines,” (1997) C. George Caffentzis makes the claim that “futurological assumptions and political dystopias turned out to be radically wrong in their common assumptions” i.e. why a future utopia or a riotous lower class never develops (30). He bases his claim on the fact that “machines cannot create value.” Defining the word value to a specific meaning according to Marxist theory precedes the question of what happens when the surplus value created by computing becomes a dominant force within a capitalist society. I contend that capitalism adapts to the unrealized surplus values created by machines (software as well as hardware) in a coexistent manner within a robot economy until capitalism ceases to be a dominant force.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Caffentzis frames his “article [a]s a reanalysis and defense of Marx’s original claim that machines cannot produce value;” (31) “where value is human labor that is performed under capitalist production relations, that transforms use-values, and that must realize itself through exchange as money” (Carchedi 74). Caffentzis states that “[c]omputing . . . is just another aspect of human labor power [a value] that can be exploited to create surplus value,” (53) and goes on to say that “the Marxist reason why machines cannot create value [is] because they are values already” (54). In a similar manner, Carchedi claims implicit in Marxist theory is the notion that “only labor power can produce value” (73). It is the use-values of unrealized labor power in machines such as open source software, DIY projects, unprofitable YouTube videos, Steemit.com an open source platform similar to FaceBook and countless other freely exchangeable nonprofit informational systems, and even commodities like Bitcoin (open source software) which are designated as money in some jurisdictions, that imply something other than a capitalist future.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Take for example the software that UCSB and CSUN students and professors write for the What Every 1 Says program. Funded by the Andrew Carnegie Foundation, WE1S requests that the software be made available for download on GitHub. The software must be licensed by the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License. The copyright states: </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License,<br />the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free,<br />. . . irrevocable license to: . . . <br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">in part; and<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material . . .</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">The WE1S software posted to GitHub (WE1S) by members of the WE1S project as well as software licensed by others with similar licenses such as the MIT License (The MIT), and the GNU Public License (gnu.org) all operate outside the Marxist idea of value. Take for another example all the machine software that our hyper-historical world (Floridi 3) runs on, such as the open source software the Internet runs and computer, and device software operating systems, AI systems and so on. To a great extent our world runs on open source software. </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">The informational society we live in could not have been anticipated by Marx and neither is it included in his theory. According to Floridi “by fostering the development of ICTs, the state ends by undermining its own future as the only, or even the main, information agent” (172) And further, “the more physical goods and even money become information-dependent, the more the informational power exercised by multi-agent systems acquire a significant financial aspect” (176). The royalty-free portion of our informational infrastructure has only use-value and if it were to cease to exist so too would the ecosystem of our human society which is now dependent on it.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> Michael Tiemann, former RedHat CTO and co-found Cygnus Solutions, the first company to provide commercial support for open source, writes about how Cygnus, Red Hat, and other open source software support companies function within the economic system (Tiemann). The article quotes Nobel Laureate Ronald Coase saying that ‘institutional arrangements determine to a large extent what is produced, [so,] what we have is a very incomplete [mainstream economic] theory’” (Tiemann). The economic theory that Coase refers to is one that has an economy [that can] be coordinated by a system of prices [alone]. Tiemann validates that this is not so through his creation of an open source software service company. Incidentally, Red Hat purchased Cygnus for $674 in a November 1999 transaction (Red Hat), and Red Hat was purchased by IBM for $34 billion dollars this month, which implies even more demand for open source software solutions and maintenance as open source integrates into the highest levels of a supposedly capitalist economy (CNBC). Open source software is even specified for use by the U.S. Department of Defense (Tiemann). </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> Due to the fact that hyper-historical economies depend less over time on human labor value where value must be realized through the transaction of money, the economy based on value described and argued by Caffentzis as being a system of values misses the point of machines producing value. And, although Caffentzis is correct that within Marxist theory machines do not create value because “only humans can create value” his article outside of a philosophical exercise in Marxist theory is only relatively important as to why machines can’t create value. Machines as open source informational software systems represent a large portion of the economic foundation that societies run on. The more machines produce products and services outside the scope of Marxist theory, the more society moves to a robot economy (What is a robot economy?).</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Works Cited</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Carchedi G., “High-Tech Hype: Promises and Realities of Technology in the </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Twenty-First Century.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="background: transparent;">Cutting Edge: Technology, Information Capitalism and Social Revolution</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Davis, Jim, et al., editors.First Edition edition, Verso, 1998.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Chaffentzis, George C., “Why Machines Cannot Create Value; or, Marxist Theory of Machines.” </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="background: transparent;">Cutting Edge: Technology, Information Capitalism and Social Revolution</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Davis, Jim, et al., editors. First Edition edition, Verso, 1998.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Creative Commons — Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International — CC BY-SA 4.0</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Accessed 23 Nov. 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Gnu.Org</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Accessed 23 Nov. 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">IBM to Acquire Red Hat in Deal Valued at $34 Billion</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/28/ibm-to-acquire-red-hat-in-deal-valued-at-34-billion.html"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/28/ibm-to-acquire-red-hat-in-deal-valued-at-34-billion.html"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/28/ibm-to-acquire-red-hat-in-deal-valued-at-34-billion.html</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Accessed 23 Nov. 2018.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">The MIT License | Open Source Initiative</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Accessed 23 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Nov. 2018.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Tiemann, Michael. “The (Awesome) Economics of Open Source.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Opensource.Com</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://opensource.com/article/18/9/awesome-economics-open-source"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://opensource.com/article/18/9/awesome-economics-open-source"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">https://opensource.com/article/18/9/awesome-economics-open-source</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Accessed 23 Nov. 2018.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;">“</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">WE1S -- WhatEvery1Says.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">GitHub</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://github.com/whatevery1says"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">https://github.com/whatevery1says</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Accessed 23 Nov. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">2018.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;">“</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">What Is Robot Economy? - Definition from WhatIs.Com.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">SearchEnterpriseAI</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/robot-economy"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: normal;"><a href="https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/robot-economy"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/robot-economy</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Accessed 23 Nov. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">2018.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Implications of Caffentzis’s Claim</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">In the edited collection of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="background: transparent;">Cutting Edge</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">, (1997) C. George Cafentzis makes the claim that “futurological assumptions and political dystopias turned out to be radically wrong in their common assumptions” because “machines cannot create value” (30). His contribution to the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="background: transparent;">Cutting Edge</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"> “</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Why Machines Cannot Create Value; or, Marxist Theory of Machines” misleads the reader by allowing the reader to signify complex, subjective and porous connotations of value with a single word. “Value” is a symbolically challenged word, its signification imbued with meaning by referents from economics to advertising and mathematics, etc. People intuitively sense that they know what it means but like God, nobody can pinpoint exactly what it is outside of the context within which it is framed. Caffentzis frames his “article [a]s a reanalysis and defense of Marx’s original claim that machines cannot produce value” (31); “where value is human labor that is performed under capitalist production relations, that transforms use-values, and that must realize itself through exchange as money” (Carchedi 74). Without ever mentioning other forms of economic systems, he critiques a model of a capitalist system as if it is the one in which his audience lives.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Caffentzis speaks about the capitalist production of value as defined within Marxist theory; a kind of closed system of equilibrium of capitalist production wherein “only labor power can produce value.” (Carchedi 73). In Marxist theory, value may be measured quantitatively (Carchedi 83). And, while this may be true when making a Marxist critique of capitalism, when haven’t the subversive forces of ever-changing financial systems continually rendered any specific value into a state of flux? </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Value fluctuates by magnitudes and in different ways depending on the whether or not the calculation is made within a specific financial system and when calculated. The question of whether or not machines can produce value plays a subordinate role to what we mean when we speak of value. Take as a rough approximation of what I mean by looking at the following graph of GDP--the total</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c3d18ba7-7fff-e426-8824-2100cf1fe347"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="240" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Ym7kDtdYuziI8iJyGEMRMemmq6Z_nd0YThmFQFVYox1HP-vOnRwKJut8dd5HOILNTj4w6GdZXVNue2s73XPo75iqa72vkN2p2T5jQPJYD8alHN_THbQ5HuNOcEa1S-hPqXkKpcWA" style="border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="400" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">GDP, as shown above, is dependent on credit growth within debt-based economies. In the graph above, the issuance of debt (the upper line) is shown to determine GDP (Salmon). According to Marx, The “capital-value of such paper is nevertheless wholly illusory.” It is “fictitious capital.” But within the debt-based economy of the U.S. since the Greenspan era, the credit cycle has replaced the business cycle of late capitalism. Debt now determines value and not human labor power. Within the centralized wealth structure of debt-based economies, the allocation of value may be assigned to those first in line to receive debt instruments--monetary sums--at lower interest rates than others. And, value in the form of debt provides students with funding to go to college, and so on. Value as debt functions slightly differently in other G20 nations but nonetheless, debt has replaced the value of money.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Rather than human labor power, debt allocation enables machines to create use value that in turn keeps the system running. One reason for this is that the use-value of the products produced must be exchanged on the market in a Marxist capitalist system “through the intermediation of money” (Carchedi 74). But in a debt-based economy, use-values are exchanged for the liabilities of the Federal Reserve Banks. Secondly, the machines provide the necessary software for the exchange of financialized instruments of debt that transfer wealth from one location of the world to another. In China, for example, the surpluses of human labor production have been redistributed to the West while the West relies on the use value of machine software to exchange those products for instruments of debt. And although a person that adheres to Marxist theory might claim that this is what Chaffentzis explains when he quotes that capitalists recognize “‘their profits are not derived solely from the labor employed in their own individual sphere’ and they are involved in the collective exploitation of the total working class,” (41) he fails to mention that the “capitalists” are well aware that they are buying back their companies stock with borrowed Federal Reserve notes as a means to increase their profits per share. </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">The elephant in the room of Caffetzis’s article is the western world’s central banking system that controls the motion of debt around the world and the fact that he fails to mention, outside of a Marxist capitalist system, monetary systems at all. Federal Reserve banking policy provides a type of financial system that allows the use of derivatives and all manner of financial instruments of the types Randy Martin alluded to in 2006 in his article “Where Did The Future Go?”; he indicates this when he says that capital was “reincarnated as a plethora of financial instruments” (Martin 2). According to Mike Maloney a guest of Chris Martenson during a Peak Prosperity interview, “every 30 to 40 years, the world had a brand-new monetary system, completely different from the last one. The classical gold standard before World War I, the interwar gold exchange standard and the Bretton Woods from 1944 to 1971, and now the global dollar standard” (ChrisMartensondotcom). </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Caffentzis misleads his reader by failing to state that Marxist capitalism which he bases his article on is a historical financial model now superseded by centrally controlled models of fictitious capital which are that exact thing (third-order simulacra) Baudrillard tried to warn us about. The answer Caffentiz gives as to “Why Machines Can’t Create Value?” can only be answered by constraining meaning to Marxist theory. Thus, his article doesn’t answer the question of whether to not machines can create value independent of human labor power. Within debt-based economies and within special economic zones and inside and outside the scope of larger economies machines can and do create value.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Works Cited</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Carchedi G., “High-Tech Hype: Promises and Realities of Technology in the </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Twenty-First Century.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="background: transparent;">Cutting Edge: Technology, Information Capitalism and Social Revolution</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Davis, Jim, et al., editors.First Edition edition, Verso, 1998.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Chaffentzis, George C., “Why Machines Cannot Create Value; or, Marxist Theory of Machines.” </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="background: transparent;">Cutting Edge: Technology, Information Capitalism and Social Revolution</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. Davis, Jim, et al., editors. First Edition edition, Verso, 1998.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ChrisMartensondotcom. Mike Maloney: One Hell Of A Crisis. YouTube, </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIbB5o2A9Qk&feature=youtu.be. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="background: transparent;">RANDY MARTIN -- WHERE DID THE FUTURE GO? -- LOGOS 5.1 WINTER 2006</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">http://www.logosjournal.com/issue_5.1/martin.htm. Accessed 19 Nov. 2018.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Salmon, Felix. “Chart of the Day: Growth and Debt.” Reuters Blogs, 16 Mar. 2012, </span></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/2012/03/16/chart-of-the-day-growth-and-debt/.</span></span></span></span></div>
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-91878885536110821602018-10-12T11:58:00.001-07:002018-11-17T12:25:10.562-08:00<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In this essay, I’ll attempt to bridge the gap between <a href="http://we1s.ucsb.edu/we1s-prospectus/" target="_blank">What Every 1 Says Project goals</a> and Benjamin Schmidt’s article “<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/08/the-humanities-face-a-crisisof-confidence/567565/" target="_blank">The Humanities Are in Crisis</a>” (2018). Schmidt argues not that the crisis doesn’t exist, but that students are wrong in their understanding of the humanities. Their perception formed from things such as “student debt, postmodern relativism, vanishing jobs, don’t seem to fit the decline in the humanities at this time. He mentions possible other reasons such as, “the democratization of access” for new populations, “shifting from traditional humanistic fields of study to new ones,” and so on. After analyzing different types of institutions and related fields that show similar declines against computer sciences, he concludes with “[students] are fleeing humanities and related fields specifically because they think they have poor job prospects.”</span><br />
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<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://twitter.com/benmschmidt" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Benjamin Schmidt" border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="100" height="100" hspace="20" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/973254868621172736/8E4O5osS_400x400.jpg" width="100" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Ben Schmidt</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Continuing, Schmidt shows that job prospects in the humanities are equal to those in various kinds of sciences. He then questions why students have misunderstandings about the humanities. The author mentions that “worried relatives express the same” misguided perceptions about job prospects and income available to humanities students. And then, rather subtly on the issue of the role of the dominant demographic influence over humanities curriculum, Schmidt concludes as to why he feels the humanities are in decline. First he states that the only subsection of the humanities that has held steady is “ethnic, gender, and cultural studies” then he states that humanities, in general, has held steady in “black colleges and universities,” and he finally implies that the “dominant incumbent curriculum “continues to drive” new (first-generation?) students away. My interpretation of what the article is saying is:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. The author is not pessimistic since the decline in the humanities has leveled off for several years.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Job prospects equal that of many other fields of study.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Increase in enrollment is possible if the curriculum becomes culturally appealing according to the institutional demographics of the student body, and if students perceive a degree in humanities to be a comparatively viable financial option.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">So, do the goals of What Every 1 Says match Schmit’s conclusion?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">WE1S respond[s] to the perceived long-term decline of the humanities, including after the most recent “crisis” period touched off by the Great Recession” by providing “discourse research on how the humanities are articulated in public and at crossover points between the public and the academy.” In this case, the WE1S project addresses Schmidt’s concerns about how “relatives express . . . misguided perceptions about job prospects.” The prospectus of WE1S explicitly states that it “will provide a richer stock of themes, narratives, examples, and evidence types that can be drawn upon in discussing the humanities” as a means to help “parents and students to talk to each other about what life or career is about.”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The prospectus includes the fact that the WE1s project takes place in “‘cultural analytics’” which is a study of “social behavior and norms, and social learning in human societies” (Wikipedia). The idea of "cultural analytics" thus suggests that WE1S examines according to the actual demographics of colleges and universities to determine how students learn about the humanities. More precisely, it implies that it uses such an examination to provide solutions to student misconceptions. Further, as the prospectus states, WE1S” will provide methods and tools for humanities researchers investigating the role of complex ideas in society.” Therefore, WE1S will not only provide advocacy resulting from its uniquely positioned insights but also offer those same tools, through its open platform policy, to researchers outside the WE1S project.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /> If Schmidt’s conclusion is correct, then the prospectus bullet point of questioning things like "when parents and society tell a first-generation immigrant student to major in science, engineering, pre-medicine, pre-law, or pre-business; yet the cultural and personal identity of that student is vested in a deep humanities and arts heritage; then where does that excess “humanity” go and how is it expressed and cultivated?” suggests that the WE1S project will find ways of answering the crisis in the Humanities. The results will then be available to “create resources and recommendations to help guide discussion about the humanities by journalists, politicians, business people, university administrators, parents, and students.” Thus as a means toward resolution, WE1S addresses the issues in Schmidt’s article “The Humanities Are in Crisis.”</span>Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-81586055580915622752018-10-09T09:07:00.001-07:002018-10-09T15:11:01.954-07:00Some Thoughts About Information and Time CompressionInformation takes place over time. The past recedes from the present and future information is not available. The Internet continually increases the availability and quality of information from the past and makes it more immediate. Models simulate the future with increasing accuracy due to the quality of past information. Information coming from both the simulations of the future as well as higher qualities of the past come into the present at an ever-increasing rate. Therefore information has a time compression effect on meaning-making. This is to say that meaning is being freed of time constraints and starting to loop back into itself. That is why I say that we are no longer in a paradigm shift or an episteme but rather that we are living at the end of any such time-related concepts as regards knowledge. Within the domain of information, the effects of time passing diminish. And, we can go on from there.Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-50258938842974619682018-10-08T22:33:00.002-07:002018-10-10T04:30:57.010-07:00Remediation and the Epistéme<div align="center" style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
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Remediation and the Epistéme</div>
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<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I’ve attached Giuseppe Castiglione’s <i>View of the Salon Carré in the Louvre</i> (1861) as a means to talk about politics and epistemes. According to Wikimedia “[t]his is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 100 years or less” (Castiglione). The binary code of the title of <i>View of the Salon Carré in the Louvre</i> looks like this:</div>
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01010110011010010110010101110111 0110111101100110 011101000110100001100101 0101001101100001011011000110111101101110 0100001101100001011100100111001011101001 0110100101101110 011101000110100001100101 010011000110111101110101011101100111001001100101. (“ASCII”)</div>
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I retrieved the jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)--a form of image compression--file at my home computer within less than a second from a file on servers in either Tampa, Florida or in Amsterdam. The code makes it possible for networks to bring past political debates into conversation with the present. By way of "remediation" into a binary system, the original painting <i>View of the Salon Carré in the Louvre</i> becomes a topic of this discussion (Bolter 273).</div>
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The image attached to this essay came from the thoughts and body actions of Giuseppe Castiglione who placed mixtures of oil paint onto a canvas. The painting was framed and eventually photographed. Perhaps it was printed, and a digital photograph was taken off the print or it was converted immediately into its digital jpeg format by a digital camera. The digital image, uploaded to Wikimedia servers, then arrived on my computer screen which I then printed. Since I live in a liberal climate that allows me to have Internet access, the painting may be taken as a political metaphor for open access to ideas both then and now.</div>
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By political I mean how the French Bourgeois period depicted in the image relates to our own concerning the books <i>Remediation</i> (1999) by Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin, and <i>On the Order of Things</i> (1970) by Michel Foucault. Although the books discussed much that may relate to Castiglione’s oil on canvas, this essay attempts to merge stored information of the painter’s neural activity, captured from the artist’s painting as atoms held in a particular state to represent either a 1 or a 0, as a means of bringing the past into conversation with the reader.</div>
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As an example, today’s Louvre makes available stunning videos along with music and narration as information for the viewer to experience the museum as if they are there. (“Un Pastel Spectaculaire”). Parts of the past are now as close as the fingertips. This hyper "immediacy” folds the past into the present and makes possible this essay which in part discusses politics based on the references of a past political climate (Bolter 272-3). It is a hypermedia process because of the way the Internet allows me to gather multitudes of information from links related to a discussion of the political aspects of a work of art. (Bolter 272).</div>
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In her article “On the Meaning of Exhibitions – Exhibition Epistèmes in a Historical Perspective” Kerstin Smeds discusses “how scientific epistemologies and discourses, as well as the history of ideas and ideologies, are reflected in the way museums and exhibitions are organized” (“On the Meaning of Exhibitions” 50). She paraphrases Kress/Leeuwen saying that “[a]n exhibition wouldn’t . . . be called only an ‘act of speech’ or a statement or utterance of some hidden (or visible) museal epistemological practice and discourse, but a display of many diverse discourses forming one integrated multimodal ‘text’ and goes on to note that “Episteme II, the Enlightenment prevails” from 1860 onward (Smeds, 55-56). Referring to Castiglione’s painting then we might say that the artist’s “text” comprises the multimodal nature of the Louvre as well as the Enlightenment.</div>
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<span style="white-space: pre;"><br /></span> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Moroccan visitors dressed in their turban hats indicates the setting is cosmopolitan. The painting depicts other visitors engaged in intellectual activities or rather, in participation with the interiority of their uniquely defined representations: a woman reading, another painting, two men in conversation, another contemplating a painting. The open door at the far end and the large sky-lit gallery are references to the coming and going of ideas. Aesthetic values are not only within the paintings of the portraits and in the pastoral scene at the rear of the gallery but also being produced by the artists at work. The image is one multimodal collection of acts and messages that define episteme II, a time when liberalism became the discourse of the day.</div>
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Similar to Foucault’s ekphrastic description of the artist's salon in <i>On the Order of Things</i>, the painting’s discourse is a realist model of what it might be like to be at the Salon Carré in 1861. It shows France when “the Legislative Body began to publish its debates . . . The Emperor relaxed government censorship and his regime came to be known as the "Liberal Empire" (Bonaparte)</div>
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Works Cited</div>
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“ASCII Converter - Hex, Decimal, Binary, Base64, and ASCII Converter.” Branah,</div>
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https://www.branah.com/ascii-converter. Accessed 8 Oct. 2018.</div>
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Bolter, Jay David, and Richard Grusin. Remediation: Understanding New Media. Reprint edition, The MIT Press, 2000.</div>
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Bonaparte Eugenie de Montijo Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte King Napoléon Louis Bonaparte of, et al. Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte Historical Plaques and Markers. https://openplaques.org/people/486. Accessed 6 Oct. 2018.</div>
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Castiglione, Giuseppe. View of the Grand Salon Carré in the Louvre. 1861 date</div>
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QS:P571,+ - -00T00:00:00Z/9 1861. Louvre Museum, Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Castiglione_-_View_of_the_Grand_Salon_Carr%C3%A9_in_the_Louvre_-_WGA4552.jpg.</div>
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Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. Reissue Edition, Vintage, 1994.</div>
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“On the Meaning of Exhibitions – Exhibition Epistèmes in a Historical Perspective”.</div>
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https://www.designsforlearning.nu/articles/abstract/10.2478/dfl-2014-0004/. Accessed 8 Oct. 2018.</div>
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“Un Pastel Spectaculaire.” Focus, 15 May 2017,</div>
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https://focus.louvre.fr/fr/la-marquise-de-pompadour/observer/un-pastel-spectaculaire.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEu0zWtYq0ZOnn9SjwBmgOUukA4Nx4wq0qugYcEkk9NCh2dJ2nTntxuYbxnxGd6qqgp3_y-yf6qyvTEkl4EgO0nKbcUqowsRjeTR6k5bZWknhy0szprOETAjOhUF6cdC0K3gciUgePxuQ/s1600/Giuseppe_Castiglione_-_View_of_the_Grand_Salon_Carr%25C3%25A9_in_the_Louvre_-_WGA4552.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1388" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEu0zWtYq0ZOnn9SjwBmgOUukA4Nx4wq0qugYcEkk9NCh2dJ2nTntxuYbxnxGd6qqgp3_y-yf6qyvTEkl4EgO0nKbcUqowsRjeTR6k5bZWknhy0szprOETAjOhUF6cdC0K3gciUgePxuQ/s640/Giuseppe_Castiglione_-_View_of_the_Grand_Salon_Carr%25C3%25A9_in_the_Louvre_-_WGA4552.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<style type="text/css"> @page { margin: 0.79in } p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; line-height: 120% } a:link { so-language: zxx } </style>Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-23382724633190117012018-10-04T12:01:00.000-07:002018-10-04T12:08:41.626-07:00A Brief Analysis of Text and ASCII Code<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">To verify that the Lexos hierarchical clustering returns an identical dendrogram whether, in text or in ASCII code, I first cleaned Nathaniel Hawthorne's </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="background: transparent;">Blithedale Romance</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">leaving the capital letters as is. I then converted each letter into its ASCII equivalent and then wrote the lines to a new file. I then had two files.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">The text file looks like this:</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">I OLD MOODIE The evening before my departure for Blithedale I was returning to my bachelor apartments after attending the wonderful exhibition of the Veiled Lady when an elderly man of rather shabby appearance met me in an obscure part of the street of my story The reader therefore since I have disclosed so much is entitled to this one word more As I write it he will charitably suppose me to blush and turn away my face I I myself was in love with Priscilla</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">And, the ascii "out-1.txt file looks like this:</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">073 079076068 077079079068073069 084104101 101118101110105110103 098101102111114101 109121 100101112097114116117114101 102111114 066108105116104101100097108101 073 119097115 114101116117114110105110103 116111 109121 098097099104101108111114 097112097114116109101110116115 097102116101114 097116116101110100105110103 116104101 119111110100101114102117108 101120104105098105116105111110 111102 116104101 086101105108101100 076097100121 119104101110 097110 101108100101114108121 109097110 111102 114097116104101114 097 115104097098098121 097112112101097114097110099101 109101116 109101 105110 097110 111098115099117114101 112097114116 111102 116104101 115116114101101116 111102 109121 115116111114121 084104101 114101097100101114 116104101114101102111114101 115105110099101 073 104097118101 100105115099108111115101100 115111 109117099104 105115 101110116105116108101100 116111 116104105115 111110101 119111114100 109111114101 065115 073 119114105116101 105116 104101 119105108108 099104097114105116097098108121 115117112112111115101 109101 116111 098108117115104 097110100 116117114110 097119097121 109121 102097099101 073 073 109121115101108102 119097115 105110 108111118101 119105116104 080114105115099105108108097</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Both files are much longer than the above samples. The resulting dendrogram from the default settings of Lexos's hierarchical clustering looks like the image below. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: transparent;"> <img align="bottom" border="0" height="385" name="Image1" 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" width="624" /> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Heuristically the computer program of Lexos interprets each file exactly the same, and yet each file is very different. The slightly obtuse python code that I used to create the ASCII file and the text file is below. I can make it much prettier, but for now, it is what it is.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">\#!/usr/bin/env python3<br />\# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-<br />"""<br />Created on Sun Apr 9 08:49:53 2017<br />
<br />@author: ray<br />
<br />"""<br />\# An alternative to replacing brackets and parentheses by using regex within python<br />def remove_bracketed_text_by_regex(text):<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">import re<br />\# text = re.sub("\(.+?\)", " ", text) # Remove text between parentheses<br />\# text = re.sub("\[.+?\]", " ", text) # Remove text between square brackets<br />\# text = re.sub("\s+", " ", text).strip() # Remove extra white spaces (optional)<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">return text<br />
<br />\# A loop subroutine def that will remove nested brackets and parentheses<br />def remove_text_inside_brackets(text, brackets="()[]"):<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">count = [0] * (len(brackets) // 2) # count open/close brackets<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">saved_chars = []<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">for character in text:<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">for i, b in enumerate(brackets):<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">if character == b: # found bracket<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">kind, is_close = divmod(i, 2)<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">count[kind] += (-1)**is_close # `+1`: open, `-1`: close<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">if count[kind] < 0: # unbalanced bracket<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">count[kind] = 0<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">break<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">else: # character is not a bracket<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">if not any(count): # outside brackets<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">saved_chars.append(character)<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">return ''.join(saved_chars)<br />
<br />\# the cleanstring subroutine def below substitutes one character for another or for nothing if the second quote is left empty. Modify as needed<br />def cleanString(incomingString):<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = incomingString<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("a","097")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("A","065")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("b","098")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("B","066")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("c","099")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("C","067")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("d","100")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("D","068")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("e","101")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("E","069")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("f","102")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("F","070")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("g","103")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("G","071")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("h","104")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("H","072")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("i","105")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("I","073")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("j","106")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("J","074")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("k","107")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("K","075")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("l","108")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("L","076")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("m","109")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("M","077")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("n","110")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("N","078")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("o","111")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("O","079") <br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("p","112")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("P","080")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("q","113")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("Q","081")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("r","114")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("R","082")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("s","115")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("S","083")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("t","116")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("T","084")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("u","117")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("U","085")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("v","118")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("V","086")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("w","119")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("W","087")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("x","120") <br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("X","088")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("y","121")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("Y","089")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("z","122")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace("Z","090")<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace('\/',' ')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace('"',' ')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace('.', ' ')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">newstring = newstring.replace(',',' ')<br />\# newstring = newstring.replace('\\n','')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">return newstring<br />
<br />f2 = open(r'C:\Users\rayst\Documents\525-DH\texts-for-analysis\ascii\output\Hawthorne-blithedale-romance--ascii-out-1.txt', "w") # open a new file to write to.<br />\#much of the stuff below is commented out and only there for convenience.<br />\# the following "for loop" runs the above subroutine defs<br />\# with open('commentarymagazine_humanities_urls.json', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:\n<br />\# on each line of text in the input file<br />\# When it reaches the end of file it breaks out of loop. <br />for line in open(r'C:\Users\rayst\Documents\525-DH\texts-for-analysis\ascii\Hawthorne-blithedale-romance-ascii.txt', "r"):<br />\# Uncomment the following four lines of code to remove from an asterisk to the end of line. Yeah, so, these are line operations.<br />\# head, sep, tail = line.partition('*.')<br />\# line = (head)<br />\# head, sep, tail = line.partition('Lines')<br />\# line = (head)<br />\# The following line of code removes nested brackets/parens within a line<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = (repr(remove_text_inside_brackets(line)))<br />\# The commented line below offers an alternative to the above loop by using regex<br />\# line = remove_bracketed_text_by_regex(line)<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = (repr(cleanString(line))) # this calls the above cleanstring sub for each line<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = line.replace("'"," ") # this gets rid of any remaining apostrophies<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = line.replace('\\n',' ')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = line.replace('\\',' ')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = line.replace("\""," ") # this gets rid of any remaining commas<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = line.replace('!',' ')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = line.replace('?',' ')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = line.replace('-',' ')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = line.replace(';',' ')<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">line = remove_bracketed_text_by_regex(line)<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">print(line) # this prints the output to the file in the console screen for monitoring<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto mono";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: #f8f8f8;">f2.write(line) # this writes the line to the cleaned output file<br />\# f2.write(r"\n") # this appends each line with a newline<br />
<br />f2.close() # this closes the output file</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">What I'm getting at is the bias in Topic Modeling and other Digital Humanities research. I'd like to develop a blind experiment to establish the extent to which Digital Humanities is objective. I've been thinking about this since objectivity came up in our WE1S Summer Research Camp discussions. I'm thinking about how to prove with hard evidence that DH is a science. I'm thinking about a mathematician, or geneticist, and a digital humanist arriving at the same technical observations of the outputs--the results produced by the DH science. Perhaps this has all been done before, but in any event, I proved to myself with a fun little experiment that the computer doesn't make choices based on what the tokens are. It processes the relationships (maybe not the order but probably the quantity) of the tokens to one another. The experiment verifies that this is so despite the underlying mathematical proof of hierarchical cluster modeling.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Does Hierarchical Clustering produce different results based on the order of the tokens? If I were a mathematician, I might believe it one way or another. But, this test helps me to visualize what is taking place. The numbers refer to the dendrogram and the word file as much as to any equivalent token set, and it doesn't depend on whether the equivalent token file is made from a 1 to 1 exchange of hexadecimal, binary or pictograph equivalents. I guess what is next needed is something like a diagram that expresses the flow of meaning, from our semiotic registers into the 1s and zeros and then back. What is taking place? Yes, an analysis, but where does that analysis lose those to whom we are advocating for the DH? Our entire world is being digitized and even our brains. What are we losing in the process and how can Digital Humanities help lessen the loss?</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">The same text to ascii test applied with an actual </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.branah.com/ascii-converter"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #5fa1f2;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">ascii to text online converter</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">and the topic modeling tool for use that we downloaded gave me the following words from Topic 0 when I converted them from the ASCII coded file of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Blithdale Romance</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">window drawing room hotel curtain front windows city extended dove steps All area places houses curtains boarding cat return doors</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">When I ran the topic modeling tool with the text version file Topic 0 came out as the following: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">boat wrong river effort borne act bent coffin drift shore shoe emotion sobs dry yonder methinks base tragedy betwixt tuft</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Everything was the same, but likely the seed started at a different token. I need to check into that. Otherwise, I'll have to investigate why there is a difference in topic modeling the ASCII encoded equivalent of a text file.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">Continuing on, I ran the topic model again with the same exact set of text files (I used Lexos to cut the files above into 9 segments and then downloaded them. Note that the download segemented files on the Lexos || prepare || cut menu did not seem to work for me so I had to download the cut files from the Manage menu), but this time I got the following list of topics for Topic 0: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="background: transparent;">fauntleroy chamber wealth splendor daughter corner glass saloon drink moodie governor liquor wife condition supposed beautiful cocktails gin feeble message</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">
<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">This indicates to me that the topic modeling tool uses a different seed token to generate Topic 0. Because of the different Topic 0s produced whenever a different seed token is used, I have to question the validity of the topic modeling tool or look into what others say about this issue. If topics may relate to themes based on relative coherence then what I would like to see is an average Topic 0 made from the sums of analyses run from all possible seed tokens. I'd like to concentrate on other topic modeling variables instead of having such an open variable as part of my research.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">The above tests helped me realize</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">the meanings of the words are equivalencies of human awareness that the world and life exist.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">the meaning of the words from a novel written almost 200 years ago remains unchanged even when converted to another code. Humanly readable topics were determined after I switched the topic modeling results back from their ASCII codes to text.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">the meaning of the words may be analyzed by processes outside the scope of the analyst's knowledge.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">semantic relationships between words result from computer processes. The topics did seem to have a bit of coherence. On other topic models with rubust data sets, topics have suprisingly uncanny coherence.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #50596c;"><span style="font-family: "roboto";"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="background: transparent;">the code being processed by another auxiliary code is the artificial processing of the awareness that the world and life exist.</span></span></span></span></div>
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-50134330658633267062018-09-28T08:23:00.003-07:002018-09-28T08:34:32.336-07:00On Tolkien, Menus, and Claves<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: transparent; font-size: large;">On Tolkien, Menus, and Claves</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">“</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Tolkien’s Creation of the Impression of Depth” (2014) by Michael D. C. Drout, Namiko Hitotsubashi, Rachel Scavera reminded me of using Lexos to find record keeping sections of texts within medieval guild texts which were distinctly different than the prose and verse of a medieval compendium. Keeping “Tolkien’s Creation” in mind, how then did the record keeping texts give the overall compendium of texts depth? They did two things for us as novice researchers. First, they provided a level of credibility such that our minds realized for certain that this was a real history written by a scribe (as if in an office separated only by the distance of time?). Second, the level of authenticity associated to accounting and money transferred from the record-keeping texts to the romance novels that we were searching. It gave us a sense that the Middle Age words, even though foreign in their spelling and pronunciation, were words written by people that felt what the words meant.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">This led me to question how we come to know anything new to us. Do we go into a new job as if it is a building full of mirrors; blank referents without anything except memories of our own to fill? Are we always walking through life with the mirrors of our previous knowledge that fill the spaces around us such that our preconceived ways prevent us from experiencing the new? Is the filling and refilling of referents a process amenable to modification? Can studying literature help us understand how we exchange our quasi-referents for what we will? What is my personal comfortable level between knowing and not knowing anything?</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">So, I wondered further about a book that I’m reading by Foucault: The Order of Things (1970). He prefaces it with a section that talks about a Borges passage wherein a “‘a certain’” Chinese encyclopedia’” in which it is written that ‘Animals are divided into (a) belonging to the Emperor, (b) embalmed, (c) tame, (d) sucking pigs, (e) sirens, (f) fabulous, (g) stray dogs, (h) included in the present classification, (i) frenzied, (j) innumerable, (k) drawn with very fine camelhair brush, (l) et cetera, (m) having just broken the water pitcher, (n) that from a long way off look like flies’” The classification by enumeration is the only thing that seems to make sense. But, the heterogeneity of the disassociated referents listed produces a “‘loss to what is “common” to place and name” (xix). And further according to the author, “heterotopias [such as this Borges quote] desiccate speech, stop words in their tracks, contest the very possibility of grammar at its source; they dissolve our myths and sterilize the lyricism of our sentences” (xviii).</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Whereas, according to the authors of “Tolkien’s Creation,” “[t]raditional referents are thus often efficient ways of solving problems of the interlinking of form and content” (174), the text of Borges appears at first a categorization preventing referents from connecting to one another. Yet there is the reference to a Chinese dictionary that lists things as such. Therefore, the narrator references China as culturally similar to the above categorization. The point that I want to make about reading “Tolkien’s Creation of the Impression of Depth” is that Borges’s quote rests at a value related to how close a referent may be to a traditional referent. In Borges’s case, the referents listed weren’t merely broken, they dissolve or prevent “efficient ways of solving problems of interlinking form and content.” This made me want’ to add the term of anti-referent to the various types of referents. Or, in other words, anti-referents would be referents that have a value of absolute resistance to becoming referents; proportional to the unorderly way the images collate in the mind. To me, then Borges establishes a cultural view of China as a place that is beyond categorization in our western sense of order: it is culturally anti-referent to the way we understand things. As Foucault says, “There would appear to be, then, at the other extremity of the earth we inhabit, a culture entirely devoted to the ordering of space, but one that does not distribute the multiplicity of existing into any of the categories that make it possible for us to name, speak, and think” (xix).</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">This made me think of the first essay that I read for this week "Against Cleaning" and Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing’s "On Nonscalability." So what can be determined to be scalable, or like the way I’m thinking, put into an automated process such as Lexos? Could a program or Lexos locate within Borges’s texts the heterotopias or for that matter the menus that are nonscalable in “Against Cleaning?” Would these things show up as lexomic claves?</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">In “Tolkien’s Creation” the authors noted what they determined by typical literary analysis, things such as stylistic differences, poetic interpolation, pseudo-references, broken references, “anaphora, alliteration, rhyme, polysyndeton, parataxis octosyllabic rhyming couplets, and repetition . . . There are passages, short strings of sentences, individual sentences or even single clauses which read as if they were poetry adapted to prose” (184-85). How much of critical literary research may be automated? Were the authors suggesting that the effective use of lexomics and to a large part Digital Humanities is for determining authorship and wildly differing portions of text rather than the subtleties of literary analysis? I know better, but since the authors never mentioned exactly what machine learning could and couldn’t do I became suspect.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Processing massive amounts of texts warrant more specialized programming such as in the “Against Cleaning” menu project, whereas the study conducted in “Tolkien’s Creation” warranted the processing by the Lexos pre-existing software for a single particular purpose. The authors made an appropriate choice of machine learning and standard critical literary analysis. The nuances of style related to a research project, versus the effort to write or find software that could analyze what you are looking for is always a compromise. Without being explicitly programmed, machine learning produced statistical analysis appropriate to the way the authors of “Tolkien’s Creation” achieved their goals. Each DH project must be evaluated according to its needs.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Here is the Dendrogram that shows the accounting/record-keeping in the latter sections of Common Place Books when compared with Canterbury Tales.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaBREotj3rvtc9ebySyOnIVP1jWBM8IZPCr7WsQpOeH0zmIRJN0puuYIQDe_Tss-rSnv1-15Np7DfQfFRwYV5lOc5c3mb7VBYQUBKZ9TuT5Ru3WgNumJbb1UOlc62ZvfE8SgqDKaRFLbw/s1600/image1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="856" data-original-width="1311" height="417" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaBREotj3rvtc9ebySyOnIVP1jWBM8IZPCr7WsQpOeH0zmIRJN0puuYIQDe_Tss-rSnv1-15Np7DfQfFRwYV5lOc5c3mb7VBYQUBKZ9TuT5Ru3WgNumJbb1UOlc62ZvfE8SgqDKaRFLbw/s640/image1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-19019201597363842362018-09-16T21:18:00.003-07:002018-09-19T15:10:08.176-07:00Different Ways We Get to Here<style> div.b {
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.unl.edu/english/stephen-ramsay" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Stephen Ramsay" border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="90" height="90" hspace="15" src="https://www.unl.edu/english/faculty/ramsay.jpg" width="90" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">S. Ramsay</td></tr>
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<style font-size="8px">Note: This blog also resides at: <a href="http://raysteding.blogspot.com/2018/09/different-ways-we-get-to-here.html">raysteding.blogspot.com/2018/09/different-ways-we-get-to-here.html</a></style>"Here” is the finished literary article, story, or as in the case of Stephen Ramsay's essay "The Hermeneutics of Screwing Around" (2010), the research--the incentive to search. Ramsay mentions two ways to get here, the first being "some coherent, authoritative path through what is known" (1), and the second, screwing around browsing the web while letting the mind hop connected neuronal link (web page) to neuronal link (web page) to some kind of hyper-realization that this is what I've been looking for. One is pragmatic while the other is anarchic. Each has its benefits. I remember Derrida saying something like (air quotes) he believes formal education is necessary but should be forgotten (air quotes). What I'm getting at is that we need a pragmatic way to establish a base from which to launch our missiles of individuality. The conformity to standards "'a science, a method, a research, a pedagogy'" gives us a way to as the author says, to "understand each path through the vast archive as an important moment in the world's duration--as an invitation to community, relationships, and play" (Ramsay 2010, 9). These "paths" are themes and genres, possibly obscure, but connected streams of information that pass through territories of research materials to supply the common elements and minerals of our analyses. It is the job of [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_model">Topic modeling</a>] in the Digital Humanities to first comprise an archive of texts (corpus) and then connect the paths into a map of the topic model to see which themes (topics) we are interested in. With a base built from the topic modeler we have a choice and freedom to go wherever our individuality takes us. Nonetheless, this still leaves us with the aesthetic issue of human creativity which some think may be lost through topic modeling.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.stephenmarche.com/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Stephen Marche" border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="90" height="120" hspace="20" src="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54a6bfb2e4b07985e36a5152/t/5aa14073652dea6e1e201a5e/1520517280874/authorphoto2010.jpg" width="90" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">S. Marche</td></tr>
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Unlike Stephen Marche's essay "Literature Is not Data: Against Digital Humanities" (2012) wherein the author claims that "Literature cannot meaningfully be treated as data," I find the connections in the data that Digital Humanities provides to be of prime importance. Only after reading Lisa Samuels and Jerome McGann's essay "Deformance and Interpretation" (1999), a kind of precursor to Digital Humanities did I feel that I had a somewhat scientific knowledge of what poetry is--that sensation of something more, beyond the hint that language is capable of. In their treatment of poetry the author's state:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blackradishbooks.com/authors/lisa-samuels/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="L. Samuels" border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="80" height="90" hspace="15" src="https://blackradishbooks.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/lisa-samuels-2017-auckland.jpg" width="80" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">L. Samuels</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/jjm2f/index.html" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jerome McGann" border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="90" height="80" hspace="15" src="https://heymancenter.org/images/made/images/persons/Jerome_McGann_200_170_s_c1.jpg" width="90" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">J. McGann</td></tr>
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It can be the sound the syllable makes in the spoken version of its written production—the life of its print, the sign of the imperative that the marks of printed language are only one part of a language event also spoken. The syllable of a syllable can also be the letters which are the smallest units of any syllable, the shifting territory between and alongside phonemes and morphemes, as well as phonemes and morphemes themselves. It can also be the idea of the syllable, the Platonic syllable’s “signified.” Stevens’s phrase, as we grope to explain it, to paraphrase it, emerges as an image of something we do not know. The insight into the aesthetic value of the results produced by Digital Humanities never leaves the mind of the researcher. Through "technical" deformance of poems, we as literary students gain a better knowledge of literary forms.</blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://english.arizona.edu/users/scott-selisker" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scott Selisker" border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="85" height="100" hspace="15" src="https://english.arizona.edu/sites/english.arizona.edu/files/user_photo/picture-77-1469576787.jpg" width="85" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">S. Selisker</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.english.utoronto.ca/facultystaff/facultyprofiles/syme.htm" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Holger Schott Syme" border="0" data-original-height="85" data-original-width="100" height="85" hspace="15" src="https://scottkleinman.com/english525dh/images/7/4/f/a/7/74fa79ab7e10e18aa41e2785ab3da477b38a8788-holger.jpeg" width="100" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">H. S. Syme</td></tr>
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The two critiques of Marche’s essay by Scott Selisker, “The Digital Humanities?,” and Holger Schott Syme, “Imaginary Targets” explain in detail the logical problems with the essay and go on to talk about how Digital Humanities helps solve “literary--historical problems.” To me, Digital Humanities treats data as “facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis;” collected from texts, as information, as elements--tokens--words separated by spaces,--drawn from digital streams of 1s and 0s to allow us to search at the periphery of what “emerges as an image of something we do not know:” DH allows us to study how meaning manifests and to further examine the reason, as Marche puts it, “why words seem to mean so much more than they mean.” “What Happens When an Algorithm Helps Write Science Fiction” (2017) by Stephen Marche documents an attempt to write a story with words that mean more than they mean. Contrary to the author’s implied claim five years earlier that DH algorithms can’t achieve the status as producer of aesthetic value, within this essay he states he is searching for a “technology that can make [him] better at [his] job [as a writer of science fiction]”--a Digital Humanities technology. And further, he takes his editor’s comment of “‘the fact that it’s [the story written with such technology by him] not that bad is kind of remarkable,’’’ as a compliment.<br />
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Obviously, the author had a change of heart after more closely working with Digital Humanities. I think this is what happens to most literary scholars when they delve into DH. First, they have an aversion to it because of the technical barriers, and then they see that the secret they sought in the humanities might be better detailed by using Digital Humanities. Then, they find they are "here," on a map, at the front advocating for Digital Humanities.<br />
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Marche, Stephen. n.d. “<a href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/literature-is-not-data-against-digital-humanities/">Literature Is Not Data: Against Digital Humanities.</a>” Los Angeles Review of Books. Accessed September 15, 2018. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/literature-is-not-data-against-digital-humanities/.</div>
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Ramsay, Stephen. <a href="https://libraries.uh.edu/wp-content/uploads/Ramsay-The-Hermeneutics-of-Screwing-Around.pdf">“The Hermeneutics of Screwing Around; or What You Do with a Million Books,” n.d., 9</a>.</div>
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Samuels, Lisa, and Jerome J. McGann. “Deformance and Interpretation.” New Literary History, vol. 30, no. 1, Feb. 1999, pp. 25–56. Project MUSE, <a href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/jjm2f/old/deform.html">doi:10.1353/nlh.1999.0010</a>.</div>
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Syme, Holger S., and Scott Selisker. “In Defense of Data: Responses to Stephen Marche’s Literature Is Not Data.’” Los Angeles Review of Books. Accessed September 13, 2018. <a href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/in-defense-of-data-responses-to-stephen-marches-literature-is-not-data/">https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/in-defense-of-data-responses-to-stephen-marches-literature-is-not-data/</a>.</div>
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“What Happens When an Algorithm Helps Write Science Fiction | WIRED.” Accessed September 13, 2018. <a href="https://www.wired.com/2017/12/when-an-algorithm-helps-write-science-fiction/">https://www.wired.com/2017/12/when-an-algorithm-helps-write-science-fiction/</a>.</div>
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</tbody></table>Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-35179641221994267222018-09-14T15:50:00.001-07:002018-09-14T15:55:21.902-07:00A Critique of Kirschenbaum’s Essay Based On What Liu Already Said<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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Kirschenbaum’s essay, “What is ‘Digital Humanities,’ and Why Are They Saying Such Terrible Things About It?” (2014), speaks as if the Digital Humanities were different, as a construct, as if it were different from any other developing discipline. But, even old disciplines if seen from far enough away allow one to imagine them as constructs or dwellings surrounded by space. His essay attempts to define the Digital Humanities at a particular state during its development (2014) by analyzing the way the term “Digital Humanities” surfaces in speech and writing. To me, this type of critique is vacuous in that it may be either reduced or expanded to the zero point of meaning over time. Except in reference to Liu’s essay, “The Meaning of the Digital Humanities” (2013). He talks about the conception people have rather than explicitly stating that Digital Humanities is a defined discipline. In other words, the author implies that the way that people talk about a discipline can in some way alter the results and methods that that discipline produces. I can say, as a member of the What Every 1 Says project and a former member of many projects at Jet Propulsion Laboratories, that Digital Humanities functions as a discipline.</div>
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Digital Humanities produces results, none less than an astrophysics or mechanical engineering department. It is the lack of what the Digital Humanities produces in Kirschenbaum’s essay that I found conspicuous and a detraction to his consistent use of a “construct” (without a center, postmodern) analogy. Digital Humanities produces results such as finding that the frequency of the word “the” may be used to question why “the” appears more in Gothic novels than in other genres. Another result is that books of a specific genre may be found within a compendium of books. And according to Liu, the Digital Humanities utilizes a method of “multimodal, dynamic, and participatory design ”to arrive “pattern understanding;” Science and Technology “is [a] method for knowing meaning in the digital humanities” (Liu 416). Use value and knowledge, of the methods and results, produced by Digital Humanities are what disciplines create.</div>
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Liu focuses his “essay on digital literary studies” and how the digital humanities arrives at meaning valued by humanists (Liu 420). The meaning of what the Digital Humanities is is what defines the discipline, and this is what Liu describes in his essay. By explaining how the quantitative results, the numbers crunched by the computer, arrive at semantic meaning which originated in the HTOED, are carried through to the analysis, he shows the reader that themes generated by a computer software program aid in the critique of many volumes of literature. According to Liu,</div>
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> Lines of interpretation generated by machine observation--”supported the author's [of the software called the correlator] thesis that the “‘values of conduct and social norms’” in “‘knowable communities’” declined in the face of “‘urbanization, industrialization, and new stages of capitalism’” and “the discovery of precise word cohorts [semantically established through the use of the HTOED] giving genuinely fresh insight into the thesis, enables [the authors] . . . to offer more recognizable normative literary and cultural criticism, touching on action, setting, and character. (413-14)</div>
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In this way then Liu reveals that Digital Humanities is a disciplinary identity of the Humanities--Digital Humanities has as its basis the humanities.</div>
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Since Liu had already defined the Digital Humanities as a discipline, and since Kirschenbaum references Liu’s essay I found Kirschenbaum a bit disingenuous in his definition of the Digital Humanities as a kind of evolving consensus of discourse about the Digital Humanities. Kirschenbaum even admits so far as to say “of course one should ask questions about any set of disciplinary practices as visible and prodigious as digital humanities” and further: “‘digital humanities’” is, in fact, a diversified set of practices, one whose details and methodologies responsible critique has a responsibility to understand and engage” (Kirschenbaum 14). So, the author of “What is ‘Digital Humanities,’ and Why Are They Saying Such Terrible Things About It?” uses a postmodern construct focused at the edges--discourse about what the digital humanities is-- when it is an already defined (by Liu in 2013, one year before Kirschenbaum’s essay) and growing discipline. The same type of critique concerning language used by people speaking about the intersection of disciplines may be made at any time, but it is especially disheartening to see an author throw mud on a previously defined discipline as it struggles to become more broadly known.</div>
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I recognize the value of Kirschenbaum’s critique because it describes ways that people may talk about what Digital Humanities is and how discourse defines a discipline. But, because he speaks as if the dialogue about the Digital Humanities defines the Digital Humanities he misses the point of Liu’s essay which is that the digital humanities is a disciplinary identity of the humanities. Kirschenbaum, in my opinion, would have better stated his title as “At the periphery of the Digital Humanities: How people speak about unknown disciplines.”</div>
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Kirschenbaum, M. “What Is ‘Digital Humanities,’ and Why Are They Saying Such Terrible Things about It?” <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Differences 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 46–63. https://doi.org/10.1215/10407391-2419997.</div>
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Liu, A. Y. “The Meaning of the Digital Humanities” 128, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 409–23. <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.2.409.</div>
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-64931820684201570322018-05-15T10:45:00.000-07:002018-05-20T18:05:46.565-07:00<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Brain and Identity: Breaking Down Barriers of Separateness by Teaching Children a New Perspective</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I set out to find a method to mitigate social divisiveness and to locate research that supports a pedagogy based on a neurological perspective of who and what we are. In support of such a perspective, I found much reference material, and I found technological reasons for teaching kids neurology.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The question that I ask is not whether identity can be perceived differently to oneself because of physical and mental characteristics that change over time, but rather whether or not a person considers themselves to be the same person over time and what that self that identity has neurologically in common with everyone else. Despite our differences, can equanimity arise naturally out of the realization of our neurological similarities and possibilities? I think so.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">To conceive of the neurological perspective that I propose integrating into the current curriculum as part of science which is already taught as early as first grade, I’ve arranged a video that is more telling than I could do with words.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">YouTube Video</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/E6WNWmABTfk/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/E6WNWmABTfk?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The brain is a nonlinear dynamical system that changes somewhat chaotically dependent on the input. Our concept of identity to ourselves and others is malleable. Even though people look different and act differently, others may not be who or what we think of them at the time we are making our judgments. And, they may be different (due to the brain's emergent property) now and in the future both from our perspective and from theirs. It is time to teach grade schoolers our neurological similarities because all of us are the results of our brain's activity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Final Paper 14 May 2018</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Brain and Identity: Breaking Down Barriers</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">of Separateness by Teaching Children a New Perspective</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">According to Jacques Lacan, children become aware of themselves as an object during the mirror phase from approximately the age of 6-18 months (Lacan 503). Our sense of identity develops further through friends, associates, and affiliations. Then come the mid-life crises followed by a search for what it is that we missed and will find in challenging experiences most suited to our personalities. Along the way, through postcolonialism and various literary theories, we are taught to embrace our language and our culture. These critical and valid theories help create "a positive ethnic identity [that] is associated with higher self-esteem and better grades, as well as better relations with family and friends" (The Gale Group). However, a perception of our differences as members of races and as members of cultures becomes accentuated in political discourse known as identity-politics which is meant constructively for consciousness-awareness. The further heightening of our differences along racial lines occurs through the exploitation by political parties and through corporate media that seeks to divide cultures and peoples from one another along partisan lines. How can we maintain stable psychology and be of benefit to those around us when we are isolated and alienated from our attempts at achieving social justice?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many solutions to the problem of divisiveness in the present may be applied, but as a means to resolve divisiveness over the long term, I propose that we begin teaching grade schoolers what it means from a neurological perspective to be human. An instilled neurological attitude that makes apparent that identity results as a consequence of our brain activity may be relied upon during times of psychological stress, and it may keep projections of our non-integrated identities from falling to the perils of political propaganda and collectivism. If we learn to understand what we are and are not, at an early age, as we grow older, we will be prepared to accept who we are in the present and embrace what neuroscience will bring to our future experiences. The question that I ask is not whether identity is perceived differently to oneself because of physical and mental characteristics that change over time, or whether a person's identity and sense of achievement benefits from cultural identification or not, but rather what does the identity who realizes that they are the same person over time have neurologically in common with everyone else. Despite our differences, I argue that equanimity may arise naturally out of the realization of our neurological similarities and possibilities: if our neurological identities are really who and what we are, then our biological bodies and cultural identification should not encumber our potential achievements.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In support of teaching first graders that the brain is a part of a sensory system of body organs, the article "Young Children's Changing Conceptualizations of Brain Function: Implications for Teaching Neuroscience in Early Elementary Settings" (2010) by Peter Marshall and Christina Comalli details two experiments which suggest that classroom intervention about the brain acts as an "important part of early foundational learning about biology, an area that is currently neglected in early educational curricula" (Marshall 4). The first study suggested that "in the elementary school years children have a relatively limited view of the brain's involvement in sensory activities and feeling states" (Marshall 5). With educational intervention "first-grade children were better able to confirm that the brain is involved in activities such as seeing and smelling" (Marshall 19). No assumption [could] be made about whether the children were able to conceptualize things such as the brain and nose "work[ing] together to carry out a given activity" without further testing. Although, it is reasonable to conclude this is the case (Marshall 19). And, contrary to the author's expectations, the children did not realize that brain function is somewhat dependent on the nature of one's body.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ethical reasons given by the authors for conducting the two experiments and further "more intensive approaches" were stated as: "If carried out consistently and reinforced by adult conversation and supervision, exposing young children to information about the brain and its wider involvement in sensation and bodily functioning could have a number of implications," such as, "[i]f young children understand that the brain has essential links to all bodily functions, they may realize that it must be protected from harm through (for example) wearing a helmet when riding a bicycle, eating a healthy diet, or avoiding drug use" (Marshall 20). And, "[l]earning about the brain may also help children to understand better and accept those people in their lives who are affected by neurological disorders" (Marshall 20). The authors conclude the claims of their study: "early exposure to the basic concepts about the "'insides'" of the body may provide a useful foundation for when children encounter more in-depth material on human and animal biology in the middle school years" (Marshall 21).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">So, it is not outside of reason to conclude that children, if taught and reinforced by adult conversation and supervision, who have identities not dependent on their bodies, will begin to conceive of themselves and others as being results of their neural activity rather than results of their race or culture. The following heartfelt examples are but a few of many that may emotionally solidify the facts of neurology and identity such that grade schoolers will carry these concepts with them into adulthood. One such example is that of 29-year-old Juliano Pinto, a Brazilian man who is paralyzed from the waist down who took the first kick of the 2014 World Cup soccer tournament just by thinking. Pinto afterward commented that his robotic exoskeleton also allowed him to feel the kick (Nicolelis). As many as 36 exoskeleton companies testify to the explosive growth following Pinto's symbolic kick. And, businesses such "as Ekso Bionics and SuitX are beginning to offer lightweight passive designs using metal and carbon-fiber frames that attach to the body or exterior scaffolding for construction and logistics workers" (Coren). Not only are paraplegics able to utilize robotic exoskeletons to replace their natural biological counterparts, but healthy workers use the exoskeletons to temporarily extend their bodies' physical limitations.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another example is that of Amanda Kitts a daycare owner/operator who lost her left arm in a car crash while driving to one of three daycare centers that she founded. Her robotic arm and hand gave her back the ability to clap while playing with children. That simple act made possible the realization of her identity when the rationalizations for opening the daycare centers culminated in the sound of clapping hands in which she and the children participated. The meaning of the symbolic event took place within Amanda's and the children's' minds even though only one of Amanda's biological hands created the clapping sound/gesture. It was as if she realized herself as being a whole person despite having a robotic arm. (Kuiken).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the case of Jason Barnes, a below-the-elbow amputee drummer who now uses a prosthetic robotic arm which uses machine learning to enhance human abilities, the question arises whether or not there will come a time when amputee privilege (since Jason is now a more capable drummer because of his prosthetic robotic arm which utilizes machine learning) will be shouted from the roofs as a means to garner social justice for the biologically intact (Barnes). What I mean to suggest quite boldly is that there will come a time when who and what we are biological will cease to be a viable basis for political correctness and identity politics. As our bodies become as malleable as our brains, the basis to our identities will gradually shift away from our biological constraints.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The senses work with our brains to subjectively render the world in which we live, and to some extent, our experiences brought to us by our senses alter what we identify with. But, are our identities something that arises from the way we learn to interact with our senses? In a few instances, deaf people forgo available technological operations that allow them to hear because they do not want to lose their relationship to the deaf community. They prefer to live within the constraints placed on their reality by their biological condition. But, as neuroscience makes it cost-effective to give the deaf the ability to expand their interpretation of the surrounding world through such things as electric vests that pick up sounds and then stimulate the back with patterns in real-time which can then be interpreted by the deaf as words, there will likely be fewer deaf communities. Similarly, the BrainPort for the blind "translates video images into simulation patterns on the surface of the tongue from a wearable video camera . . . Users feel bubble-like patterns on their tongues and interpret them as the shape, size, location, and motion of objects around them" (TRT World). The wearer of the device sees with their tongue, draws pictures, plays basketball and can rock climb. In both of the examples above neuroscience helped to break down the barriers of separateness and made possible realizations beyond biological constraints.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The freeing of identity from biological constraints opens to a neurological perspective from which to see ourselves. We can replace missing limbs with robotic arms and add the senses of seeing and hearing. These attributes of identity are physical. From the biological perspective we are our bodies and identifying with them connects us to the strength of our cultural heritage. But, as the neurological point of view replaces our biological identification with a malleable variable of possibilities, the equation that equals us becomes post-structuralist. This is not to say that we are setting ourselves up for failure by encompassing it. The neurological perspective does not diminish our biological connection to our cultural identity in the way that one would assume. We can rely on our biological identification as always, but in addition to that, we can realize our biological selves as being malleable. Only our perspective changes although to some extent our biological perspective becomes relativized.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jack Gallant in his YouTube presentation on the subject of decoding the brain describes how neuroscience is capable of decoding images, including the semantic content, from low and high-level areas of the primary visual cortex. Approximations to what the test subject is seeing are decoded and reproduced by computers; the computers read the brain's activity and reproduce the visual images that the test subjects are seeing. He says that within fifty years or so "brain decoding devices that are cheap, portable and very powerful will be ubiquitous." According to Gallant, everyone will have mind-reading devices that read "[a]ll of [our] intentions, [our] desires, [our] attitudes, in fact, things that haven't reached conscious awareness yet" (Gallant). Gallant's neurological perspective makes it possible to copy everything that makes up a person's identity from the biological. And, although the physical body cannot be copied, it can be modified. When we can assume the bodies of online avatars that traverse the Internet to feel the pain and joy of warriors within animated reality perhaps some of the separateness that comes with being an individual stuck inside a race and culture will dissolve.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Regardless of whether or not neuroscience is introduced into the curriculum of grade schoolers, or introduced through their games, through their movies, through the people who children meet in their daily lives such as Amanda Kitts, or through the growing industries cropping up around neuroscience, the perception that our bodies and by extrapolation our races and our cultures are fixed parts of our identities is changing. What that means to an online community of super-powered heroes who sense the cyber-world as if it were real I do not know. But, along with our changing perception of who and what we are the perspectives of identity politics will likely have to change or fall by the wayside. The degree to which media and social engineering's effectiveness propagandizes race and the cultural aspects of our identities as a means to divide us along partisan lines is proportional to our ability to realize the similarities of the resultant of that which arises out of matter mapped as our connectome structures. And, what do we get when we replace our racial and ethnic characteristics that act as a basis to our cultural heritages with malleable simulations shared between all peoples but a more vibrant and creative coexistence that looks away from the past and towards what is possible.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Works Cited</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Barnes, Jason. "Jason Barnes Cyborg Drumming Concert|Sci-Fi Meets Nature." YouTube, uploaded by Jason Barnes, 24 Mar. 2014, youtube.com/watch?v=hyervazVvi0.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Coren, Michael J. "Robot exoskeletons are finally here, and they’re nothing like the suits from Iron Man." Quartz, 02 May 2017, qz.com/971741/robot-exoskeletons-are-finally-here-and-theyre- nothing-like-the-suits-from-iron-man/. Accessed 12 May 2018.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gallant, Jack. "Human brain mapping and brain decoding. | Jack Gallant | TEDxSanFrancisco." YouTube, uploaded by TEDx Talks, 31 Oct. 2017, youtube.com/watch?v=hyervazVvi0.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lacan, Jacque. "The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function as the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience." faculty.wiu.edu/D-Banash/eng299/LacanMirrorPhase.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2018.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Marshall, Peter J., and Christina E. Comalli. “Young Children's Changing Conceptualizations of Brain Function: Implications for Teaching Neuroscience in Early Elementary Settings.” Early Education &Amp; Development, vol. 23, no. 1, 2012, pp. 4–23.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nicolelis, Miguel. "Miguel Nicolelis: Brain-to-brain communication has arrived. How we did it." YouTube, uploaded by TED, 26 Jan. 2015, youtube.com/watch?v=HQzXqjT0w3k. Accessed 13 May 2018.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Gale Group Inc. "Identity Development." Encyclopedia.com, 2002, www.encyclopedia.com/children/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/identity-development. Accessed 12 May 2017.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">TRT World. "Blind people can now use their tongues to see." YouTube, uploaded by TRT World, 28 Feb. 2018, youtu.be/1wRoRfub2HY. Accessed 13 May 2018.</span><br />
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-5132683612707141742018-04-05T16:56:00.002-07:002018-04-05T17:49:36.843-07:00Within the Edge of Meaning<style type="text/css"> @page { margin: 0.79in } p { margin-bottom: 0.08in; direction: ltr; color: #00000a; text-align: left; orphans: 0; widows: 0 } p.western { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US } p.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei Sharp"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: zh-CN } p.ctl { font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: hi-IN } a:link { so-language: zxx } </style>
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<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Within the Edge of Meaning</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">This story is about changes in my identity--what I and others think of myself--</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">as it travels </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">along a path </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">through life </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">toward greater consciousness. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I grew up as a machinist </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> At the age of seventeen,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> I began</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> my first career by</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> forming some of the hardest </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">metals</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> known into</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> exact shapes</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I led, what seemed to me a very mechanical life, as if I were merely an extension of the machines that stood between the engineer's blueprint and the finished product. I cried on many occasions while waiting for the clock to end my shift. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I searched for ways to change the feeling of being trapped in a trade. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I read much about </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">consciousness</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><i>Collected W</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><i>orks</i></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> of the psychiatrist Carl G. Jung</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> during my 20s but </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">conscious change </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">that m</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ay</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> occur </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">to a person who reads of the benefits of religious</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> or psychological</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> virtue and </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">who</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> then</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">incorporates </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">those virtues </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">into their life </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">was never </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">my way</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I am much better at forming exotic metals into </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">meaningful shapes</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> than I am at having </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">my </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">conscious awareness </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">go through a process of individuation; to </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">form my identity</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Although I changed my occupation later in life, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I had to repeatedly encounter </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">first hand </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the very serious </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">reasons</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> for the existence of </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">virtues</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">before </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">my identity</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> changed</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">-----</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Winter fog of Venice shared my hangover as I awoke to the bark of the dogs. My wife Kate owned the apartment building, and her Dogtown Habitat boarding service included me. The morning routine found me wading through the wagging tails, I opened the front door, poured a cup of coffee, made it to the living room table and did what most wouldn’t do. I injected my insulin and began working on the computer. Our websites or email interested me more than usual, and suddenly I realized that I hadn’t checked my blood sugar level nor did I eat anything. It felt low. I tested it at 54 which is 26 points into the dangerous area. I went over to the refrigerator and poured the last of the orange juice. I began eating honey from a jar. As I rechecked my blood sugar, I called out to my wife to let her know that I had a problem. The reading was 42. She raced to me with sugar water. My vision began to appear as patterns; I stood in panic. As the ending to my life approached the water shook from the glass, and I crashed to the floor., The dogs had that quizzical look on their faces. Kate stood in terror.</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Certainly, nothing registered as memory while a cascade of electrochemical impulses shot randomly; short-circuiting their way through my brain in search of their next energy source (blood sugar). Afterward, according to Kate, I griddled like bacon in frying pan so hot that I broke my teeth while biting my tongue as I proceeded to bash the back of my head on the floor until it carried me four feet up against the wall. She said, “I made the mistake of putting my thumb in your mouth to keep you from biting your tongue off, and you bit my thumb to the bone.” There was blood all over the walls and some on the ceiling. She later told me after researching generalized tonic-clonic seizures on the Internet and even </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">researching them </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in movies that what she saw and experienced wasn’t anything like what they show. I said, "I wouldn’t know; I never saw one." And, I didn’t want to see one either. I guess that I didn’t want to see myself as that. At one moment I existed in a world as an identity to others and myself and then within three minutes from the time I realized I had a problem I </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">did not exist</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. When I returned seven minutes later from the sugar that I consumed, I was different.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> But not different enough because after the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tonic-clonic</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> seizure I proceeded into a complex partial seizure as my wife kept asking me “Do you know who I am? Do you know where you are? Do you know your name?” and things like that. For a moment I recognized her and with teary eyes said “You are my wife. My beautiful wife.” But, something was still seriously wrong. I, the me, what registers as me to me was only partially there, and something inside of my head was making me disappear. I was very conscious of this sensation; the sensation of the end of everything; of everything disappearing forever; solid conceptualized memories of fighting against the approaching void in my head; disinformation at the end of a billion synaptic connections. Kate called 911, and when the ambulance and police arrived, she later told me that the sounds must have sent me into a flight or fight panic because I just began screaming. The neighbor, an actor on a TV detective program, came over with the police and the paramedics. I tried fighting with the police to get away from them but they tackled me to the floor, and the paramedics and my neighbor held my legs down. The one paramedic injected me with a hefty dose of glucose while they held me to the ground and within a minute I returned to normal.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I signed a waiver not to go to the hospital because it happened twice before, but never like that. About seven years from the time with Kate</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> I was walking along Abbot Kinney to go videotape a birthday party with a group of musicians and actors, and I yelled out when I noticed I was about to go into a seizure “I’m a diabetic, I need sugar.” The next thing I knew I woke up in the ambulance near a hospital. They checked me out for about a half an hour, and I was OK, so I called a cab and went and videotaped the birthday party. I was only a little late. The first time, which was somewhat significant, happened 13 years earlier. I was a foreman at a CNC production machine shop, and I went into a seizure in the inspection room hallway. It took me a day to remember who it was on my driver license and after three days my amnesia </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">completely </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">went away.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Was I the same person that returned</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> after the seizures</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> or was I unconsciously allowing life to form me into something horrific but avoidable? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">At least</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> I look</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ed</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> like the same person</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> after a seizure</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, but</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">w</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hat changed in each of the instances was my identity to the outside world</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> in </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the minds of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">those that saw what happened. After the first seizure</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the CA Department of Motor Vehicles revoked </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">my identity as a driver</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, and</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lthough I had </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">my driver's </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">license</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> restored, the incident caused me to think of myself as a member of the disabled.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">After my last seizure, I didn't consider much </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">about</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> my identity, but the breakdown in my relationship with my wife seemed to be related to her conception of me. I was unpredictable to her and without prior </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">notice and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">within</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a few minutes or less </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> could be gone forever. She had to </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">assume the identity of a wife who shared </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">deadly </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">complications of another's diabetes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> To myself </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the incidents</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> w</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ere</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> a scarlet letter that </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">appeared to only those that knew.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The last seizure was severe enough to persuade me to take action, to chose to believe that I am </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as normal as most</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, and despite Kate leaving me or maybe because of that too, I made the conscious decision to avoid going down life's path into yet another </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">one</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I quit drinking any alcohol entirely because even small amounts made it difficult to sense my blood sugar levels</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">began </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">running</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> for physical exercise</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, and I started back to college to study English</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> as a means to get my mind back into shape</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. My experience with non-meaning sent me in search of how meaning arises through the words and symbols of the most excellent writers and thinkers. Everybody is surrounded by non-meaning through either not learning what is known, having never thought about things, or because most meaning is beyond the scope of human consciousness. Not knowing isn’t typically an emergency until it gets up </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">close</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inside a person’s head where the border of consciousness meets the void in a seizure for knowledge. Consciousness itself may be likened to a slow-motion complex partial seizure that realizes the ever-present proximity to the void about which it seeks knowledge. The fears and pains of our daily learning experiences are a drawn-out less pronounced fight or flight phenomenon. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The neuroscientist </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Professor Stanislas Dehaene says that a bottleneck in information processing exists at the point of concentration where things outside of that focal area aren't consciously taken in. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">By consciously working within a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n area of focus,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> am</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> spared the experience of seizure and loss of identity. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maybe </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">it</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> is </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">focal point that</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> I seek when I run marathons--a place as far as possible away from the void. I like the feeling of being</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">entirely</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> concentrated</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> on the sensations experienced as I run, and I love the feel of the runner's high</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> a kind of oneness with life. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Both</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> g</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">raduate studies and running keep </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">my mind and my body exercised and</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> healthy.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Explicating</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> on how </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> decision to go back to college changed my identity over time helps me remember what I </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">had to </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">endure</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, what was necessary,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> for the change to alter who I was to who I am now. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Going back to college at 57 years of age presented me over and over again with feelings of doubt as to my identity. I am old enough to be my colleague's grandparent. More often than not my professors are younger than I. I had to think to myself "I'm here to learn and not to </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">startle</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> anyone." I mean, the students </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">are</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> younger than my car. When I'd be in seminar settings with some of the brightest most confident 20-22-year-olds from all over the world at UCLA, I imagined myself as the rest of my peers until I began to doubt and kick myself for being there</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">; as old as I am</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. And many times, I thought that I was </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">odd and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">stupid</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> too</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. I kicked myself a lot back then. But, amazingly after the first year</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> and after I knew colleagues by performing projects with them, I got over it. Perhaps I had kicked myself in the head long enough that </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">the neuroplasticity of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">my brain changed</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> the way that my brain works and who I think I am to myself</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. I realized that on the outside I might look different but the true identity of myself, the electrochemical state produced by my connectome at any particular moment in time, was very similar to </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">others</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">My father who died of Alzheimer's disease used to say wh</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ile</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> looking in the mirror, "I look like I always have." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Without memories </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">associated </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">to a particular</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> time </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">we appear to ourselves </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> always. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The truth of the matter seems to be that identity </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">to oneself </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is timeless, and its neural function within the mind is similar to everyone </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">else's.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">To ourselves we sense that we are the same as we have always been.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Anatomical differences in age, gender, race, and appearances of the body make little difference in the neural functioning that is the basis of identity. I reached the breaking point of identity during the complex partial seizure and brought back memories of a time when what I consider myself to be was being extinguished by millions of misfiring neurons beyond which I could not locate the rest of me needed to interpret the world around me. At that moment</span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">in </span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">a crisis of identity which may befall any person, at that moment of truth, we are all alike. It is from that point, from that</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ekila</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">w</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> <style type="text/css"> @page { margin: 0.79in } p { margin-bottom: 0.08in; direction: ltr; color: #00000a; text-align: left; orphans: 0; widows: 0 } p.western { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US } p.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei Sharp"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: zh-CN } p.ctl { font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: hi-IN } a:link { so-language: zxx } </style> </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> we are alike</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">confrontation with the unknown, beyond </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">which nothing </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">exists--</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">at that edge where synaptic information is not recognized</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">where</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">an instinctual </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">fight-or-flight </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">impulse </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">gets triggered</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">within the</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> edge </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">of </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">meaning </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">where existence </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">electrochemically </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">confronts non-existence--that I’ll not go gentle into that good night. I'll trap my thoughts--the electrochemical potentialities that arise out of matter--in words and broadcast them onto the Internet for all the other electrochemical states of </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">all the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">other connectomes to absorb such that the light of their meaning may forever travel, mix and change as it passes through the void.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> So let it be that</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> conscious</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ness</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">knowledg</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">eable change</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> resides everywhere </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">within</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> the edge of meaning.</span></span></span></span></div>
<style type="text/css"> @page { margin: 0.79in } p { margin-bottom: 0.08in; direction: ltr; color: #00000a; text-align: left; orphans: 0; widows: 0 } p.western { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US } p.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei Sharp"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: zh-CN } p.ctl { font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: hi-IN } a:link { so-language: zxx } </style> <style type="text/css"> @page { margin: 0.79in } p { margin-bottom: 0.08in; direction: ltr; color: #00000a; text-align: left; orphans: 0; widows: 0 } p.western { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US } p.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei Sharp"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: zh-CN } p.ctl { font-family: "DejaVu Sans"; font-size: 12pt; so-language: hi-IN } a:link { so-language: zxx } </style>Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-28763792218082136072018-03-31T17:30:00.000-07:002018-03-31T17:30:58.192-07:00Valencia Trail Race<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-10970559821790424672018-03-03T17:36:00.000-08:002018-03-03T18:16:27.564-08:00Comparing Stevenson's Mr. Hydes<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Spencer Tracy as Mr. Hyde 1941</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Explore the various (at least 3) YouTube trailers for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Then write at least a paragraph indicating which one corresponds best with how they are presented in Stevenson’s novella.You might consider what sort of film you would create if you were given that task. How much neuroscience information would you include?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spencer Tracy in the 1941 film seems to be the most like the Hyde character in the book, but I liked the 2003 version starring John Hannah because Hyde appears as a doppelganger evil twin like William Wilson in Poe’s story. Similar to William Wilson who seems to say "In me didst thou exist—and in my death, see ... how utterly thou hast murdered thyself," Stevenson's Jekyll murders himself with the death of Hyde (Wikipedia).The Spencer Tracy Hyde displays characteristics such as physical ugliness, quickness and sometimes he seems smaller, and his sinister mannerisms are enough to capture the sense of Hyde within Stevenson’s novelette. He is a character that could be socially acceptable enough to have an apartment, be with ladies of ill-repute and communicate. In the 1932 version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the transformed identity appears unapproachable and guilty of being too ugly to fulfill Stevenson's character's activities such as having an apartment and a bank account.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The 2003 Hyde is more characteristic of the psychological shadow side of a person that gets released from a compartmentalized psyche to gain control while the good Dr. Jekyll remains hidden. Although not being evil enough to transform the physicality of Dr. Jekyll, the 2003 Mr. Hyde blends into the </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">social</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as a means to inflict more significant harm. The higher the repulsiveness, the less likely other people will interact with it. With the latest revelations about the Harvey </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">Weinsteins</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and Dick Cheneys out there today it is easy to see how wealthy evil people are much worse than well-to-do dwarfish ugly people. Money like power, magic or scientific knowledge of drugs gives free reign to the greedy diabolical shadow side that is within each of us. That is why I think that the 2003 Hyde is more like what Stevenson intended despite what he wrote. And, this is interesting to me because it implies that a written message may carry the same message as a film and yet be very different. Nonetheless, the book and the various film adaptations show us how we still carry the animalistic need to survive within our brain circuitry.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">In thinking about making a film, I would look back over my life to see where I might find circumstances that could have become hyperbolic had I not put the effort in to control my Mr. Hyde. Thinking about what type of neuro-circuitry might cause Mr. Hyde to surface, I am reminded of a celebration that I attended: “A Tribute to Joseph Campbell with Joseph Campbell” where Campbell was present at the Screen Directors Guild in 1987 several months before his death. We watched a film about George Lucas and how he developed the characters from the works of Campbell and Jung. Darth Vader and the dark side come from the shadow archetype in Jungian psychology. The Hyde side of one’s personality that usually remains hidden in public must be conquered by the hero in each of us and integrated into the psyche that we may use the power of the force but not be overcome by it; channel it to enable us to follow our bliss. If I were to make a film, I would start with research into whether or not neurological structures may exist for the myths/archetypes since they have spontaneously arisen among all peoples. If not, then I’d reframe the mythological evidence that currently suggests the validity of the archetypes because it ensures a broad audience.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For some interesting insights into Joseph Campbell’s ideas see his interview with Bill Moyers and my favorite clip of Joseph Campbell where he talks of teachers bringing students to life at </span><a href="http://billmoyers.com/content/ep-1-joseph-campbell-and-the-power-of-myth-the-hero%E2%80%99s-adventure-audio/" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">http://billmoyers.com/content/ep-1-joseph-campbell-and-the-power-of-myth-the-hero%E2%80%99s-adventure-audio/</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Links to an external site.) For a thesis on Jung, Campbell, Myths, and Archetypes see “The Myth is With Us: Star Wars, Jung’s Archetypes, and the Journey of the Mythic Hero” by Jacqueline Botha </span><a href="https://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.1/1816/bothaja_myth_2006.pdf?sequence=1" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 10.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">https://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.1/1816/bothaja_myth_2006.pdf?sequence=1</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Links to an external site.)</span></div>
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</span></span>Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-77702001004805818742018-01-21T05:55:00.001-08:002018-01-21T06:06:43.663-08:00Another Crypto Song<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
This is a cryptocurrency song that my brother Walter and I created and are still working on with Vessy Mink. We handed it off to her so that she may alter it into something more publicly acceptable.</div>
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-29053948396408468802017-12-19T10:46:00.001-08:002018-02-08T22:42:15.755-08:00Cryptocurrency and Language Policy in Non-English Dominant Countries<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Raymond Steding<br />Professor Iswari Pandey, Ph.D.<br />English 654<br />13 Dec 2017</span></span><br />
<i><br /></i> <i>ICOs are democratizing funding and spawning the next wave of innovation from young hungry entrepreneurs all over the world who will eventually contribute back to their local communities for a better future" -- </i>Jack Ser<i>, </i>founder of fundyourselfnow.com</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cryptocurrency and Language Policy in Non-English Dominant Countries</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Thomas Ricento in </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Language Policy & Political Economy</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (2015) presents many issues relevant to language policy in non-English dominant nations. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">This paper describes the ways that cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies relate to Ricento's observations, his concerns, and his conclusions. Its purpose is to provide non-technical academics with enough credible information about cryptocurrencies so they may properly conceptualize the impact of cryptocurrencies on language. Despite media often portraying cryptocurrencies as fad-like and nefarious, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies are rapidly changing socio-economics and must be included in language policy discussions. Since the claims that I make require some knowledge of technical terms, I include a glossary.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies offer additional components of influence into the debate about language policy and economics. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Thomas Ricento throughout his book</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">attempts to provide direction for language policy research. He implies the purpose of his book by stating that "there is not enough understanding of how the interests and values of transnational corporations, and the policies of states and international organizations that support those interests and values, may influence the trajectory and fate of languages . . . in the absence of clearly articulated views on political economy, with empirical evidence to support those views, we may have fewer tools--that is, theories and associated research methods-- with which to argue in support of the maintenance of minority languages and cultures and societal multilingualism" (Ricento 27).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> The relationship between cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies and Ricento's concerns follow. The author advocates for a critical analysis of global English, using a political, economic approach that takes into account historical factors over time. he refutes neoliberal ideology backing English as a lingua franca. Ricento cites, Arcand and Grin 2013, saying that "in fact societal multilingualism, generally, controlling for other potentially moderating factors, correlates with increased trade, and English per se has no special or unique effect in that regard" (Ricento 3). </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Although not stated, another factor related to increased trade is the connection between well-educated people in their mother-tongue language and cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies. He notes that "an important corollary of a world systems approach [to political economy] is that global economic, political, cultural, and historical trends are not uniform over time, there are perturbations, cycles, anomalies, and uneven effects from common sources" (Ricento 4). Like the Internet, another notable perturbation is the rapid disruption of the current world economic order by cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies. The author points out that "researchers have focused on particular effects (or potential effects) in particular geographic and historical contexts and then generalize their findings" (Ricento 3). Internet access to cryptocurrencies render their effects globally, and their design serves economically specific needs within localized domains. Additionally, he interprets language scholar Robert Phillipson's call for the '"equality for the speakers of all languages'" and for '"economic democratization "'as a call for a fundamental reformation of the current world economic order (and not for finding an alternative to the role played by English in global economic activity), which, [he] believes is highly relevant to the status of local languages" (Ricento 29).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Cryptocurrencies and the decentralization of national monetary systems into global currencies such as Bitcoin essentially remove economic borders which is a "fundamental reformation of the world economic order"(Ricento 29). They connect the unbanked with financial technologies. They lessen the role played by English in local economic activity by enhancing economic activity in mother tongue languages and thereby supplement the preservation of local languages and cultures. As such, they work in conjunction with Ricento's views on political economy and language policy to help preserve multiculturalism and multilingualism. Thus, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies are highly relevant to "the status of local languages".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In addition to </span>political economy<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> which seeks to implement informed governmental language policy, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies make it somewhat less important for policymakers to secure benefits provided through nationally/regionally based forms of communitarianism that Ricento subscribes to (Ricento 33, 35). Blockchain technologies disintermediate the need for governments “to secure and distribute fairly the liberties, and economic resources individuals need to lead freely chosen lives"--communitarianism--and cryptocurrencies allow for the creation of blockchain based economic zones that operate under </span>common law<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> and thereby lessen the need for acquiring a lingua franca or national language.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> A broader conceptualization of cryptocurrency must include the ever-present philosophy behind open source software as defined by Richard Stallman, a visionary and founder of open source software programs. According to the GNU.org website on September 27, 1983, Stallman wrote, “Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free to everyone who can use it.” In a copyrighted article in 1996 Stallman defined Free Software:</span></span></span></div>
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“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price . . . as in freedom . . . We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the program, we call it a “nonfree” or “proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the program an instrument of unjust power. (Stallman) </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stallman’s operating system combined with the Linux kernel developed by Linus Torvalds's open source project became known as Linux. Stallman’s philosophy gave birth to the thousands of open source software projects that quickly developed the Internet into a freely distributed information system. The fact that open source software such as Linux and the Apache Web Server software power Google and Facebook, and the fact that Linux is used in over one billion Android cellphones, combined with the fact that Apple’s operating system comes from an open source version of Unix called FreeBSD verifies the transformative social power of open source software. </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The combination of proprietary corporate interests with open source software historically parallels today’s cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies. Bitcoin moves Stallman’s philosophy from the free flow of information to the world of finance and implies the free flow of capital. In 2008 a paper published under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto titled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” Nakamoto wrote: “What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party” (Nakamoto). By the beginning of 2009, the open source Bitcoin network arrived via a posting to a cryptography mailing list by Nakamoto: </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bitcoin v0.1 released</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Satoshi Nakamoto Fri, 09 Jan 2009 17:05:49 -0800</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Announcing the first release of Bitcoin, a new electronic cash</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">system that uses a peer-to-peer network to prevent double-spending. It's completely decentralized with no server or central authority. (Nakamoto) </span></span>
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The phrase “completely decentralized with no server or central authority” is the focus of debate between banking professionals and the fintech community, and it exists because of the virtues of Stallman’s philosophy and open source software. One of open source software's most notorious features is that it is faceless. It is not anyone but everyone. According to Bitcoin.org the website that was registered by Satoshi Nakamoto and Marttie Malmi "[b]itcoin is controlled by all Bitcoin users around the world. Developers are improving the software, but they can't force a change in the rules of the Bitcoin protocol because all users are free to choose what software they use" (Bitcoin.org).</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Various coin or token-based payment systems for online gaming predated Bitcoin, but by combining open source software with cryptography, Bitcoin spread to become the first global digital currency. The blockchain ledger, a type of hacker-proof cryptographic distributed database of transaction record keeping is trustless; it requires no third party such as a bank to verify that currency transactions take place. Although cryptocurrencies do carry a small transaction fee, like open source software they are easily distributed and available. Many open source cryptocurrency projects are controlled by democratic voting rights based on the number of coins held. Accordingly, Antshares, (re-branded as Neocoin), referred to their coins as shares. In addition to the value of the coin most coins return a share of the coin's market profitability to their holders' Cryptocurrencies’ rapid acceptance as an investment vehicle and thus their increase in capitalization, results from their trustless quality, low transaction fees and their availability of open source code for other developers to build on.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Bitcoin now has the stamp of approval of the world's largest futures exchanges. According to cnbc.com, “in April, [Japan] passed a law recognizing bitcoin as legal tender (Graham). In, Stockholm, Coinshares, a professional cryptocurrency investment company comprises two exchange-traded bitcoin notes (COINXBT & COINXBE), which according to zerohedge.com, "means that the NASDAQ [Stockholm] now has two crypto-assets listed, Bitcoin and Ether, making it the only established exchange with multiple crypto-investment vehicles" (Durden). Additionally, the Chicago Board of Options Exchange began futures trading on December 10, 2017, and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange began trading Bitcoin futures on December 18, 2017" (Osipovich). Meanwhile, the Tokyo Financial Exchange is working on Bitcoin futures trading (Sakai). </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The growth rate of cryptocurrencies and the flow of capital entering into the cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies exceeds the flow of capital into Internet technologies during the height of the 1999 stock market bubble, which suggests that these new technologies will transform society in more substantial ways. A chart from Vanguard Group, published October 5, 1999, shows fund assets grew at a rate of 35% from $2,161 billion in 1994 to $6,030 billion in Oct 1999 (Bogle). Much of the money flowed into Internet stocks. The flow of money into cryptocurrencies far exceeds the rate of 35%. Should the current rate continue for another year, the total cryptocurrency market capitalization will exceed six trillion dollars putting it at a value of 13.9 trillion dollars. </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> According to a paper from the Cambridge University Judge Business School, Centre for Alternative Finance, titled “Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study” by Dr Garrick Hileman & Michel Rauchs (2017), “[t]he total cryptocurrency market capitalisation has increased more than 3x since early 2016, reaching nearly $25 billion in March 2017” (Hileman and Rauchs 16). As of this writing, according to coinmarketcap.com, nine months later in December 2017 the total market capitalization of approximately 1000 different cryptocurrencies stands at $592,026,737,519 (CoinMarketCap). The value, greater than one-third of all Federal Reserve Notes in circulation, increased approximately 23.6 times in one year. Roughly at the same rate of the overall market, Bitcoin increased 2356.47% over the last year to a price per coin of $19,500. </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Explosive growth comes with the backing of financial institutions. Frank Chaparro, of Business Insider, writes in an article posted on August 30, 2017, that "there are now more than 50 hedge funds dedicated to cryptocurrencies" (Chapparo). Additionally, cryptocurrencies are decentralized, meaning that no financial institution is required to send money from one person to another and the cost of exchange is typically no more than a debit card $3 fee. Unlike the Internet bubble, the low cost of entry allows even the poor to purchase cryptocurrencies. The poor as well as the rich benefit while prices continue their climb. </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Although the growth rate appears to mirror the growth of the Internet during the tech boom, it is important to distinguish the difference between the growth of technology for the distribution of information and the growth rate of the distribution of capital. Whereas the control over information distribution relates to the inability of corporations and governments to persuade citizens through media and politics to particular and questionable neoliberal narratives of benefit, the distribution of capital is inseparable from socio-political power structures and treads upon the very foundation of neoliberal policy. What does it mean, to imply that neoliberal policies help to provide economic justice in third world nations when the capital from first world nations begins to flow untraceable across borders directly into the pockets of third world citizens and for that matter into the pockets of lower and middle-class citizens of developed nations? More likely than not, as poor countries benefit from cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies, citizens will begin to question the benefits of being subjected to multi-national corporations and neoliberal policies. A recent ICO--Initial Coin Offering--of a project called Airswap announced 85% [of its coins] sold out [to ‘9,447 people from 135 countries’] in the first minute, and the rest [of the ICO] was sold over the course of 15 minutes” (Airswap). The attention of central bankers who traditionally control the flow of capital takes note of the rapid expansion of cryptocurrency throughout the world.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The MIT licensing of the Bitcoin code by Satoshi establishes the dynamic interplay between the forces of corporate hegemony and the forces of the open source community. The MIT open source licensing permits banking and any private corporations as well as anybody to make alterations to the open source code and turn it into proprietary code. On the issue of the MIT license on Sept. 12, 2010, Satoshi stated, "If the only library is closed source, then there's a project to make an open source one. If the only library is GPL [General Public License], then there's a project to make a non-GPL one . . . I think the fear of a closed-source takeover is overdone" (Nakamoto). This is not to say that banks aren't attempting to control Bitcoin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The fear about the MIT license Satoshi mentioned and brushed off is the source of the rhetoric heard between banking industry professionals and the proponents of open source. Ben Bernanke, former Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in 2015 said that Bitcoin is "interesting from a technological point of view," he made the typical statements often heard in media about Bitcoin being a "vehicle for illicit transactions, drug selling" and terrorist financing and that [government] "oversight will reduce the appeal" (Phillips). According to Zerohedge, “Bernanke told an audience at Ripple's Swell event in Toronto today [Oct. 16, 2017] that: ‘. . . new technology like blockchain or electronic currencies can be used to improve’ global payments, and added that Ripple's technology is ‘promising" as they work with regulators’” (Durden). Ripple, a banking backed cryptocurrency, openly trades on cryptocurrency exchanges along with Bitcoin and others. Bernanke’s rhetoric persuades negatively toward open source cryptocurrency and emphasizes regulation through the proprietary "Ripple" cryptocurrency. </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The interplay of claims against each other is the result of a dialogical technical process wherein each side takes what the other puts out as a quality feature, incorporates it into their systems, and then often denounces the other based on ideological reasons. This process as vocalized in Bernanke's comments concerning Bitcoin echo “Microsoft operating system chief Jim Allchin's statement [in August 2001], ‘Open source is an intellectual-property destroyer. I'm an American, I believe in the American Way. I worry if the government encourages open source, and I don't think we've done enough education of policymakers to understand the threat’" (Pahati). His concerns came at a time when Linux represented Microsoft’s biggest competitor. Of note here is that Microsoft incorporated open source software code into its operating system and OpenOffice is an open source version of Microsoft Office. </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Cryptocurrencies, blockchain technologies, and proprietary solutions are likely to coexist long into the future. Their mutually beneficial relationship is not always contentious, and the rhetoric often advertises the benefits. An article by Pete Harris (Dec. 7, 2017) on Distributed.com, a blockchain consultant/journalist, writes the following about the relationship between open source blockchain and propriety tech. "IBM is marrying both its blockchain offering (based on the open-source Hyperledger Fabric codebase) and its Watson AI platform for a range of industries. One early project involves Everledger, which is applying blockchain technology to track the provenance of luxury items, including diamonds" (Harris). Everledger provides specific wording about its technology: "At Everledger, we assert transparency by building on both the public blockchain and private blockchains . . . Everledger is [a] proud[] contributor of the Hyperledger community, committed to advancing open source collaboration and working alongside the brightest minds in the blockchain space" (Everledger). These historical and current examples of the relationships of open source and proprietary software lead me to expect that the dynamic will not change despite the rhetoric. </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> As the debate between those that want to regulate and those who believe in trustless (self-regulating) cryptocurrencies continues Startup Societies implement common law, blockchain technologies, and cryptocurrency usage. The neoliberal ideology behind China's economic zones of the 1980s evolved beyond China to become the Special Economic Zones of today's Startup Societies. They are a kind of a mix between neoliberalism and communitarianism that focuses on a return on investment as much as how the individual benefits. According to Michael Strong, Startup Societies are at the bleeding edge of technology but he envisions a time when “we will see thousands and thousands of governments [within economic zones], and communities, and cultures, and societies, that allow everybody on earth, seven billion, eight billion, nine billion to have an exponentially better quality of life.” Strong goes on to explain that “zones result in greater economic liberalization in China, Ireland, to some extent India, Mauritius, and arguably in a number of other countries.” He talks about how Dubai and Abu Dhabi have installed common law systems in economic zones that operate outside of the traditional Sharia legal system, how Honduras allows for common law to operate within economic zones, and how other nations are working to set up common law systems in economic zones. His argument is that bad governments and legal structures are directly responsible for poverty and “keep people unnaturally poor.” He thinks that “we can develop software in terms of [educational] governance and law that can outperform Hong Kong and Singapore.” Strong advocates for blockchain developers and more common law attorneys. Additionally, in support of promoting the power of cryptocurrencies and decentralization, the Startup Societies Foundation highlights decentralizing value, regulation, energy, and commodities via blockchain technologies. Their Special Economic Zones provide areas in which it is not necessary for the participants that benefit economically to learn a foreign language.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Language Policy</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> documents convincing evidence that multiculturism and multilingualism are more beneficial to a community than not. Suzanne Romaine, another author within Language Policy to which Ricento refers, shows that students who are proficient in literacy and numerical skills in their mother-tongue are better able to live and secure the health of their children than those that are forced by governmental language policy to learn English in grade school (Ricento 262). Romaine claims that "[p]roviding quality education to the poorest requires teaching them through the language they understand best" (Ricento 259). The author presents "economic arguments supporting the view that it is those without access to education in their language who are in fact the ones most damaged" (Ricento 259). And, she finds that "contrary to conventional wisdom, the more highly developed children's mother tongues are, the more prepared they will be to acquire second languages successfully" (Ricento 260). While language policy scholars work toward providing a political, economic, communitarian, solution of which Ricento advocates and which literary language policy scholars currently engage in, cryptocurrencies and the blockchain are rapidly coming in to fill the micro-payment niche and bringing modern finance to those that need it most.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Cryptocurrencies support multiculturalism and multilingualism in that they offer anyone with a mother-tongue capable cellphone, including the deaf, the ability to participate in new cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies based economies for as little as the cost of the phone. Patrick Byrne CEO and chairman of Overstock.com explains that technologists are rapidly working towards a blockchain based central banking system in a box. During an interview with Chris Martenson of PeakProsperity.com Byrne said he expected a system which gives any nation the ability to distribute a national blockchain based currency to its citizens via a cell phone to be completed in September 2017. Byrne explains the crisis that cryptocurrency readily resolves:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">[A] great problem in development economics for 25 years has been this discussion over the unbank[ed] . . . [O]nly 15% have bank accounts . . . . [H]ere the West has been allegedly trying to help the poor . . . by saying, ‘here are our institutions.’ And, you’re going to build your own banks and financial system that looks like our institutions . . . [t]hat’s the advice we’ve been giving for half a century. [S]o the idea was they’re going to build their own banking systems, their own capital markets modeled after the U.S.’s. (Byrne)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Byrne goes on to say blockchain technology provides these same functions: “You can have a whole functioning payment system just with everybody using their cell phones without having to have the bank accounts . . . It means that these countries can develop without copying us and build over decades these central institutions that we’ve been recommending. (Byrne). </span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Additionally, if cell phones are available in languages that enable participation in the fintech global economy and students are proficient in their mother-tongue language, then the requirement of a lingua franca is lessened. The same opportunities of cheap labor and business become available to the local population, and that is one reason discussions about language policy must include cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Foreign entrepreneurs such as Byrne aren't the only ones interested in cryptocurrency. Google trends show the countries ranking the highest in searching for the word "Bitcoin" as being South Africa at 100% and Nigeria at 87%. Ghana comes in at 70%. The U.S. ranks as 55%, with Australia at 75%. (Google Trends). Currently, M-Pesa is the most widely used mobile service for monetary transactions to, from, and within Nigeria. M-Pesa stands for mobile money, and it provides the unbanked with a much lower cost of transferring money from one place to another than Western Union or other available services (Redman). Whereas M-Pesa provides a solution to the problem of transferring money another problem is Nigeria's shilling; the money that various transfers through M-Pesa are remitted in. As the following statistics on inflation rates show from African nations in 2017, Bitcoin may better serve as a medium of exchange: "South Sudan 182.18%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 41.67%, Libya 32.81%, Angola 30.92%, Sudan 26.9%, Egypt 23.54% Yemen 20%, Burundi%,,Mozambique 17.96%, Sierra Leone 16.92% and Nigeria 16.31% (Statista). Bitwalla announces on their website that, in their "efforts to provide fast, cheap, and reliable money transfer solutions to everyone, [they] have just launched a solution to send Bitcoin to Nigeria and Uganda. Bitpesa another money transfer company in the past brought Bitcoin transfer and purchase ability to Nigerians and Ugandans but discontinued due to difficulties with a money transfer operator. "Bitpesa has since been making other connections to help with the African remittance service by partnering with other financial institutions in Japan, China and more" (Redman).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> While language policy scholars such as Ricento argue for governmental policy to protect multiculturalism, and culture and multilingualism, the perturbations of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies bring change the world economic order such that peoples' lives benefit without the need to learn a foreign language. Whether or not Startup Societies or blockchain driven Special Economic Zones become an influence on income equality over the next decades, the fact that capital is flowing into cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies at an ever-increasing rate, both from the top and the bottom of the global social spectrum of people that invest in cryptocurrencies, implies to some extent the decentralization of the role of government, and the lessening of the forces behind learning a lingua franca or national language for upward mobility also lessen. Through the process of decentralization--localizing economic prosperity--the need for communitarianism to preserve economically beneficial local languages diminishes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Glossary of Technical Terms</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bitcoin </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">n. (a proprietary name for) a digital payment system introduced in 2009, having its own </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">unit of account; the unit of account of this system.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Blockchain n.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><b> "</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> peer-to-peer network that sits on top of the internet—was introduced in </span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">October 2008 as part of a proposal for bitcoin, a virtual currency system that eschewed a central authority for issuing currency, transferring ownership, and confirming transactions. Bitcoin is the first application of blockchain technology" (Iansiti).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Blockchain </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"[T]he cryptographic technology that underlies bitcoin, called the “'blockchain'”, has </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">applications well beyond cash and currency. It offers a way for people who do not know or trust each other to create a record of who owns what that will compel the assent of everyone concerned. It is a way of making and preserving truths. </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> It is the blockchain that replaces [the need for a] trusted third party. A database that contains the payment history of every bitcoin in circulation, the blockchain provides proof of who owns what at any given juncture. This distributed ledger is replicated on thousands of computers—bitcoin’s “'nodes'”—around the world and is publicly available. But for all its openness it is also trustworthy and secure. This is guaranteed by the mixture of mathematical subtlety and computational brute force built into its “consensus mechanism”—the process by which the nodes agree on how to update the blockchain in the light of bitcoin transfers from one person to another.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Other applications for blockchain and similar “'distributed ledgers'” range from thwarting diamond thieves to streamlining stockmarkets: the NASDAQ exchange will soon start using a blockchain-based system to record trades in privately held companies. The Bank of England, not known for technological flights of fancy, seems electrified: distributed ledgers, it concluded in a research note late last year, are a “'significant innovation” that could have “far-reaching implications” in the financial industry'" (The Economist).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Communitarianism</span></span></span> the principal task of government is to secure and distribute fairly the liberties and economic resources individuals need to lead freely chosen lives. (Communitarianism)</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cryptocurrency</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> n. A digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds, operating independently of a central bank.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Distributed Ledger A distributed ledger is a consensus of replicated, shared, and synchronized </span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">digital data geographically spread across multiple sites, countries, and/or institutions.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Users of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) significantly benefit from the efficiencies and economics by creating a more robust environment for real-time and secure data sharing. Contrary to common belief, the Bitcoin blockchain is not the only distributed ledger, in fact, many other users of Distributed Ledger Technology use different methodologies to achieve the same consensus (e.g. Ripple, MultiChain, HyperLedger Project).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Decentralization</span></span> n. The action or fact of decentralizing; decentralized condition; esp. in Polit.,</div>
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the weakening of the central authority and distribution of its functions among the branches or local administrative bodies.</div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">MIT License</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"Copyright (c) 2009-2017 The Bitcoin Core developers</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Copyright (c) 2009-2017 Bitcoin Developers</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">all copies or substantial portions of the Software.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "'AS IS'", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">THE SOFTWARE" (Github).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Open Source Software "The Open Source Definition is the definition propounded by the Open</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Source Initiative, used to describe which licenses qualify as "Open Source" licenses. The Open Source Initiative also certifies licenses as OSI Certified to indicate that they fall within the Open Source Definition . . . open source licenses must permit non-exclusive commercial exploitation of the licensed work, must make available the work's source code, and must permit the creation of derivative works from the work itself" (St. Laurent).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Works Cited</span></span></div>
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"AirSwap Token Launch Report." <i>Airswaps,</i> https://blog.airswap.io/airswap-token-launch- report-fbd04b748eb1. Accessed 18 December 2017.</div>
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"Bitcoin (see draft under bit, n.4.)" OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/19519. Accessed 12 December 2017.</div>
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Bitcoin.org "Who Owns Bitcoin?." <i>Bitcoin.org</i>, https://bitcoin.org/en/about-us. <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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Redman, Jamie. "Bitwala Connects Bitcoin to M-Pesa in Sub-Saharan Africa." <i>Bitcoin.com, </i><span style="font-style: normal;">07 Mar. 2017, </span>https://news.bitcoin.com/bitwala-connects-bitcoin-mpesa-sub-saharan-africa/. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</div>
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Bitwalla --https://www.bitwala.com/send-bitcoin-to-mobile-money-for-free-africa/</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bogle, John C. "The Economics of the Mutual Fund Industry." </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bogle Financial Markets Research Center</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, 05 Oct. 1999. https://www.vanguard.com/bogle_site/lib/sp19991005.html. </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">yrne, Patrick. “Why Cryptocurrencies Matter.” </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><i>YouTube</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, uploaded by ChrisMartensondotcom,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Jul 30, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UJ5bYNbLs0. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></div>
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Chaparro, Frank. "Hedge funds are cashing in on bitcoin mania" <i>Business Insider</i> 30 Aug. 2017.</div>
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"cryptocurrency" http://www.businessinsider.com/bitcoin-price-surge-leads-to-growth- in-hedge-funds-2017-8. <span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CoinMarketCap. "Cryptocurrency Market Capitalizations." </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>CoinMarketCap.com</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, https://coinmarketcap.com/all/views/all/. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017</span></span></div>
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“<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">communitarianism.” </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy </i></span></span>
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<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/communitarianism"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/communitarianism</span></span></a></u></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"cryptocurrency." </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>English Oxford Living Dictionary</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cryptocurrency. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"decentralization, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/48127. Accessed 12 December 2017.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"distributed Ledger." "Blockchain Technology Explained." </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Blockchain Technologies</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, http://www.blockchaintechnologies.com/blockchain-definition. Accessed 18 December 2017.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Durden, Taylor. “Bernanke Backs 'Ripple' At Blockchain Conference: "'The Tech Is Promising.’" </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zerohedge,</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 16 Oct. 2017, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><a href="http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-10-16/bernanke-backs-ripple-blockchain-conference-tech-promising"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-10-16/bernanke-backs-ripple-blockchain-conference-tech-promising</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">–<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-. “Ethereum Goes Mainstream: First Ever Ether ETN Launched On Nasdaq </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Stockholm.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zerohedge,</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 11 Oct. 2017, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><a href="http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-10-11/ethereum-goes-mainstream-first-ever-ether-etn-launched-nasdaq-stockholm"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-10-11/ethereum-goes-mainstream-first-ever-ether-etn-launched-nasdaq-stockholm</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.” Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Everledger. "Our Technology." https://www.everledger.io/#contact. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Github. "MIT License." https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/COPYING. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Google Trends. "bitcoin." https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?q=bitcoin. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Graham, Luke. “As China cracks down, Japan is fast becoming the powerhouse of the bitcoin </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">market.” </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">CNBC,</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 29 Sept. 2017, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/29/bitcoin-exchanges-officially-recognized-by-japan.html?view=story&$DEVICE$=native-android-tablet">w</a><a href="http://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/29/bitcoin-exchanges-officially-recognized-by-japan.html?view=story&$DEVICE$=native-android-tablet">ww.cnbc.com/2017/09/29/bitcoin-exchanges-officially-recognized-by-japan.html?view=story&%24DEVICE%24=native-android-tablet</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Harris, Peter "Analysis: What Blockchain Technology Means for Artificial Intelligence." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Distributed</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, 07 Dec. 2017, https://distributed.com/news/analysis-what-blockchain-technology-means-artificial-intelligence/?utm_campaign=Dist+Ledger+105+%28HNXZEa 29&utm_medium=email&_ke=cmF5c3RlZGluZ0BnbWFpbC5jb20%3D&utm_source=Distributed+Ledger+2017. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hileman, Garrick and Michel Rauchs. “Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/research/centres/alternative-finance/downloads/2017-global-cryptocurrency-benchmarking-study.pdf</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Accessed 16 Oct. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Iansiti, Marco and Karim R. Lakhani. "The Truth About Blockchain" </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Harvard Review</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, Jan.- Feb. 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nakamoto, Satoshi. “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Cash System.” </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bitcoin.org,</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><a href="http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf</span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
–<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Mail-archive</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><a href="http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">www.mail-archive.com/cryptography@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html</span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Accessed 16 Oct. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">---. "Switch to GPL." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">BitcoinTalk.org</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, 12 Sep. 2010, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php? topic=989.msg12494#msg12494. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Osipovich, Alexander and Gabriel T. Rubin. "U.S. Bitcoin Futures Climb in First Day of Trade." </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Wall Street Journal</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, 11 Dec. 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/bitcoin-futures-launch- stokes-fears-of-manipulation-hacks-glitches-1512907201. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Pahati, Omar J. "Microsoft Goes McCarthy in War Against Linux." </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Alternet, </i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">13 Aug. 2001, https://www.alternet.org/story/11321/microsoft_goes_mccarthy_in_war_against_linux. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Phillips, Matt. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>“Ben Bernanke on bubbles, bitcoin, and why he’s not a Republican anymore.” Qz</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><a href="https://qz.com/553407/ben-bernanke-on-bubbles-bitcoin-and-why-hes-not-a-republican-"><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">https://qz.com/553407/ben-bernanke-on-bubbles-bitcoin-and-why-hes-</span></span></u></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">not-a-republican-</span></span></u></span></span></a><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://qz.com/553407/ben-bernanke-on-bubbles-bitcoin-and-why-hes-not-a-republican-anymore">anymore</a></span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pylas, Pan. “IMF chief tells central bankers to not dismiss bitcoin.” </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>USA Today, </i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">The Associated Press, 29 Sept. 2017, </span></span></span><a href="http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/09/29/imf-chief-tells-central-bankers-not-ignore-bitcoin/716053001"><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/09/29/imf-chief-tells-central-</span></span></span></u></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">bankers-not-ignore-bitcoin/716053001</span></span></span></u></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">. Accessed 16 Oct. 2017.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="western" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ricento, Thomas. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Language Policy & Political Economy: English in a Global Context</span></i></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Oxford University Press, 2015.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sakai, Daisuke and Yuji Nakamura. "Tokyo Financial Exchange Takes First Step Toward Bitcoin Futures." </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Bloomberg Technology,</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 04 Dec. 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-05/tokyo-financial-exchange-takes- first-step-toward-bitcoin-futures.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">St. Laurent, Andrew M. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing: Guide to Navigating Licensing Issues in Existing & New Software</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> O'Reilly Media</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">, Inc, 2004</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stallman, Richard. "Initial Announcement." </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>GNU.</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-</span></span></u></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">announcement.html</span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Accessed 16 Oct. 2017.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">---. "What is free software?." </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i>GNU</i><span style="font-style: normal;">, https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Statista. "The 20 countries with the highest inflation rate in 2017." https://www.statista.com/statistics/268225/countries-with-the-highest-inflation-rate/. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Strong, Michael. “The Rise of Startup Societies.” </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>YouTube</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, uploaded by Startup Societies, 28 Aug. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=36v7v2-7tuQ. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Economist. "The great chain of being sure about things." 31 Oct. 2015, https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21677228-technology-behind-bitcoin-lets- people-who-do-not-know-or-trust-each-other-build-dependable. Accessed 18 Dec. 2017.</span></span></div>
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-4657556871639388402017-12-10T08:27:00.004-08:002017-12-10T08:36:32.680-08:00My Current Thoughts On BitcoinSomething is different about this Bitcoin correction. It is going up now on higher volume. The difference between this correction is huge because back in the old days Bitcoin would rapidly collapse to as little as .2 of its former high value. It is not doing that this time. Possibly, I haven't given it enough time, but I'm sticking to my thesis, hopefully for a future paper, of this:<br />
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At the beginning of the financial crisis in 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto began putting out messages on a cryptography message board. In 2009 Satoshi Nakamoto (a pseudonym for a Japanese intelligence group) put out the code at the beginning of the end of the financial crisis. On May 9, 2009, the U.S. stock markets turned higher. Barak Obama announced that everyone should buy stocks. At that point, the markets grew to where they are today from central banks printing money and allowing corporations to buy back their stocks. The ECB, BOJ and the FED have been monetizing the debt ever since 2009. At the end of 2011, it became apparent to me and others that the central banks were actively purchasing stocks through some clandestine means or another. The monetization of debt can't continue forever. Japan has the highest debt to GDP ratio, and other Western states are not far behind. The U.S., the E.U, and Japan all remained open to the trading of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. In 2017 Japan made Bitcoin legal tender. In 2017 on December 10 (Sunday) Goldman Sachs will begin backing the clearinghouses of the CBOE and the CME for Bitcoin futures. The above sequence of events may be explained in either of two ways. As synchronicity as defined by Jung as an acausal connecting principle or as causal. To me, it is a causal sequence of events. Thus, Bitcoin is the result of a coordinated effort between intelligence agencies as a plan B to the attempt to create a one world government. The first attempt was to use corporate domination over so-called democratic nation-states. Since cryptocurrencies also provide that same ultimate conclusion as corporate domination and since corporate hegemony did not work cryptocurrency is the route currently being taken by the Western elite. The flow of capital across National borders decentralizes all nation-states effectively into one large Western financially connected populace which if bound by a common form of capital allows any elite entity in control of that capital control over those that use it.</blockquote>
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-50733099128409521742017-12-08T14:44:00.003-08:002017-12-09T09:07:54.455-08:00New York City - The Art Is BackThis video is an example of the state of the art world in NYC. My brother Walter Steding plays the violin in the video, Robert Aaron is on sax, Emma Zararevicious on vocals (she is the lead singer for Crazy Mary and appears in the beginning of the video), Charles Kibel plays lead guitar, Armand "The Wizard" Milletari on bass, Nick Raisz on drums, Zandrina Stewart backup vocals, Jo Marie Moldovan backup vocals, and others are listed in the credits. Time may have removed many from the 1980's "in crowd," beats descendants, but the art never stopped. I wish I could have presented this video to my colleagues in my advanced rhetoric class, but I did not know of the video until today. From the days of Andy Warhol through to today the statement, if you might imagine such as an aesthetic snapshot of that time as the statement, Lou Reed, and the Velvet Underground along with all the denouncements of a world caught up in Baudrillard's 3rd stage of the simulacrum through until the now, well, that snapshot is the same statement of this video. We love; you ART.<br />
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Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-63972478254735916972017-12-04T01:26:00.001-08:002017-12-04T01:26:31.694-08:00On Academic Curriculum <div style="background-color: white; color: #2d3b45; font-family: LatoWeb, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px;">
Based on recent class discussions and this week's readings, what do you think should be the major agenda for English studies, broadly, or English language /literacy/literary studies? Why?</div>
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Walkowitz makes it fairly easy to answer the above prompt. She asks, "Is the immigrant in immigrant fictions like the English in English studies? Does it name a kind of writer? A kind of book? A kind of writing? A kind of criticism" (534). My answer is the immigrant in immigrant literature is the subject of the literature of migration. English is a language. To make a simile of the two is speculation and beyond my ability to deem a worthy conjecture. English is a language that English majors study, analyze, critique and use as an attempt to convey meaning. You may answer yes to all of the author's questions, and likewise, you may find a way to answer yes to the following: Does English name a kind of writer? A kind of book? A kind of writing? A kind of criticism? But, an immigrant is a person and English in the sense that it is used is a language. There are probably millions of analogies that may be made by way of simile to English in English studies, but that never implies that English is something other than what is taught in English studies. Unless of course, you wish to change what the subject of English studies is. Pathos may be used to persuade some which seem to be the author's method, but the logos of her argument is faulty based on the words used. I'm reminded of John Timbur's essay where he played up the emotional senses of the reader by bringing the history into the present to suggest that i<span style="margin-bottom: 0px;">ntroducing multilingualism policy will halt the trajectory of past wrongs and mediate ambivalence.</span> If professors wish to teach something other than English why don't they apply for funding to do that rather than attempt to steal it through deception from an existing discipline? </div>
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My answer to this week's prompt is fairly straightforward. I enrolled in English studies to study English as in the Oxford English dictionary and nothing else. If I signed up to take French, I would expect to be taught French and nothing else. Anything less seems to me to be a draft into something else and a trick played on students by those with more power and influence. There is so much that I did not have a chance to learn because of academic policy. I confess that I feel somewhat cheated, but at least I know what to look for in the library.</div>
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The outcome of teaching multilingualism in the U.S. is unknown and it is quite possible that the outcome if pursued will be as Ricento quotes Williams in Language Policy about learning English rather than becoming proficient in local languages. In other words, multilingualism will prove "to be a barrier to education, rather than a bridge. Students [may] fail to acquire language capital, so human capital [may not be] accumulated, and no economic capital [may] accrue" (Ricento <em style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Language Policy</em> 294). I advocate that students acquire English as language capital (I'm thinking English majors here) as a local language to ensure the accumulation of human capital and economic capital. After all that we've read it should be apparent that those that have command of the English language are those that potentially have the most opportunities. As a student, this is what I am after. I want that which will give me the greatest opportunities in my business endeavors. That is why I study English. </div>
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But, from taking world Englishes and the books we have read, especially, Language Policy & Political Economy and Globalization and Literature, I learned what I'm more interested in than English, which is the political and economic operations within the world and big data. People will always learn whatever language is needed to adapt to political and economic conditions even if it is C++, python, and java. Studying English to create policy is not something that is needed in the U.S. the way that I see it. Soon artificial intelligence language interpreters/translators will provide services to allow most to speak in their native languages. The market is too vast to go unnoticed by corporations, and the tech is nearly there. I'll admit I'm biased because of seeing all the social transformations made possible by tech. </div>
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So the first agenda for English studies should be to give students the ability to use the English to the best of their knowledge. We do not teach math majors poetry and neither should we teach students of English other languages or other kinds of literature. Although, the varieties of English and the transformations of English makes an excellent elective to English studies. </div>
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English should be taught to synthesize with the waves of changes that flow from the past into the future; looking away from the past, to concentrate on the now, always remaining on the cusp that breaks into the future. We pretty much all know history or can read about it if we choose to but can we position English to expand the bleeding edge at the front of technology or frame the legal structure of technological change with English rhetoric, and in that way help form the future of the world? Can rhetoric be taught that helps students to know how to frame what it means when our identities are being reduced to a microchip; such that they may argue against it?</div>
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What good is bringing back historical, cultural language-related topics when the actual world is transforming into something new at ever-increasing rates of speed? If students are to be successful, it will not be with academia in the future. Soon the printing of fiat currencies will reach its limits and academia will see a sudden and vast decline in employment. Ponzi financial schemes such as the student loan program only work for so long.</div>
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If students learn to be fluent in their rhetorical discourse during a time when anything and everything may be simulated as real or simulated to a point where the simulation is indiscernible from the real, then the reality will be the words of the best rhetorician since all else may be taken to be in doubt. The greatest advantage to any student of English is their ability to have a fluidity of situation and the command of the English language and not some intellectual's critical theory about identity politics or what is fair, the rights of the other or some such social justice cultural Marxist nonsense. Post-colonialism is not. We are being fleeced by the wealthy elite--a corporate hegemony--today more than at any time in the past.</div>
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We are all people, and all have the same rights unless academia can, with the help of cultural theorists, convince students that they are not equal. I see such abuse of critical theories (which have been used in the past to take down nations such as South Africa. This is only to say that critical has enormous power and not that such a thing is good or bad) being taught in colleges today at a time when people should be putting themselves to good use sharing and learning skills that will allow them to live better lives than their parents. Think of it, at this time when a general sense of doubt prevails, how valuable it is for someone with the command of the English language and the skills of a rhetor to lead us out of that doubt. When Fake News and propaganda and concentrations of wealth, think tanks, government policies all work to destabilize a person out of their money people need affirmation that their lives are meaningful. An English major should be able to provide that service to people and businesses and thereby impute meaning into the social.</div>
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Teach English majors to be the best rhetoricians: those that define, frame, and explain the new reality that every next day brings.</div>
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On a final note, I found the mention of "worldwide CNN broadcasts . . . in the former slave ports of Africa" so representative of the horrific ongoing colonialism (Walkowitz 540). But, the author instead of speaking to the ongoing colonialism, plays up Phillips's postcolonial consciousness. How is it that people are so preoccupied with the past when the worst is upon them?</div>
Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-63634084875592251222017-12-03T17:51:00.001-08:002017-12-03T17:51:35.400-08:00The Rhetoric of Open Source Software<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-43215155258214173522017-11-01T13:05:00.002-07:002017-11-01T13:05:58.271-07:00A Response About What I Liked In Native Speaker by <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I liked the way the author created his protagonist as the epitome of identity to show that identity is many things including the understanding of oneself. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Native Speaker</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> allegorically unmasks tribalistic identity to reveal the individuation function of the psyche. Through Henry’s ability to manipulate language in conjunction with his outward appearance as Korean, he fools his closest associates into thinking that he is someone other than who he is. But, the trick played on others through the manipulation of his persona cost his friends dearly, as in the case of Luzan. At the time when Henry realizes that he might put Kwang through the same outcome as Luzan, identity plays the critical role of defining who Henry is to himself. His decision to withhold information about Kwang from Hoagland personally redefined Henry’s identity as someone more worthy to himself. Once the, what I call moral, decision materialized Henry further solidified his commitment to himself and his direction in life by quitting the company. To me, as a long-time adherent to Jungian psychology, I understand Henry’s decision, and for that matter, Lee’s exposition of identity through the character of Henry, to be a work that illustrates the function of the process of individuation. Lee shows that things such as identity politics, cultural heritage, sociological identification are subordinate in meaning when compared to what the psyche demands of us as individuals.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In her essay “‘This doesn’t Mean What You’ll Think”: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Native Speaker</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Allegory, Race’” Tsou states “Henry’s various endeavors . . . illuminate the novel’s use of allegory and Asian America to vex normative expectations about referentiality” (577). My interpretation of her statement is that Lee makes fools of those that surface read the novel and then go on to critique it according to “normative expectations of referentiality” (577). She states that "</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Native Speaker</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> makes a commentary on seeing and reading that exceeds the specific context of Asian America because it gives these questions a particular form (racialized, gendered, and classed)” (577). She goes on to say “Reading for allegory “denaturalizes the assumption that race and ethnicity are a priori facts reflected by language” (578). I agree with Tsou, that whiteness [Leila] disguised as the abstract citizen in opposition to the Asian American figure [Henry] “destroys the normal expectation we have about language, “‘“that our words mean what we say”’” (578), but I believe this to be Lee’s style to say let us not take identity so seriously or abstractly that we overlook the qualities that make us human. By “speaking literally” the novel “contrives to speak otherwise” (580). It narrates great detail about Korean culture and identity connected to ethnicity but uses the language allegorically to get to the message of the meaning of personal identity and the moral choices that personal identity requires of us. Tsou further states that “[c]alling back is a movement that resembles looping, in the sense that it too doubles back on (betrays) its original referent. The referent for these modes is not the Asian American subject but that abstract, forgotten antecedent--you?” (584). Tsou’s essay emphasizes how Lee’s narrative turns and loops back on itself like Henry’s and his father’s exploitation of Asian Americans. To me, this is how Lee unmasks identity to show that individual identity, the “you?” takes precedence: decisions acted upon that one might call “moral” in their ability to provide the way to a more dynamic personality.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ultimately, human relationships define who we are to ourselves. But, without having an identity true to our nature, the conflicts within often prevent further dynamics of psychological development from unfolding. This is not to say that a person should be any one way or another only that in the case of Henry the conflicts that arose in his life began to detract from the dynamics of his character qualities. He could have unfolded as a different identity to himself by choosing to have a hand in Luzan’s boating accident, and by providing the information to Hoagland about Kwang. Later in the story, he could have gained ownership of Hoagland's company. And, for some such-like version of Henry, these kinds of choices might be considered “moral” because they allow for the unfolding of that type of individual to achieve the full potentialities of their process of individuation. The “moral” choices that I’m speaking about have only to do with the decisions and actions one takes to reach a complete state of psychological development. In Henry’s case, he realizes that cultural, financial, patriotic, ethnic, qualities and so on, are not as important as the qualities that he needs as an individual to proceed down life’s path. And, at the end of the book, as Henry helps Leila with the school children that is the image that we get--human relatedness as the result of Henry’s individuated identity. Henry needed to know himself, to become conscious of himself, to continue down life’s path. He dismantled the abstractions of identity, relied on his personal moral decision, carried that weight and finally settled for human relations which are the most important and real things that a person can know.</span></div>
Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854624369982893819.post-44029719013956229392017-10-24T10:40:00.000-07:002017-10-24T12:24:25.784-07:00Native Speaker by Chang-Rae Lee -- My Critical Response to a QuoteI turn but do not extricate myself, Confused, a past-reading, another, but with darkness yet. --Walt Whitman from the Epigraph to Native Speaker<br />
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Critically comment on the following: “I am to be a clean writer, of the most reasonable eye, and present the subject in question like some sentient machine of transcription. In the commentary, I won’t employ anything that even smacks of theme or drama” (203).<br />
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Henry’s thoughts in the sentences above indicate how he will write the notes that he sends back to Dennis Hoagland about John Kwang. “I” refers to the protagonist Henry--both his and our “I”dentity--and carries with it all of the details in the book that as narrator he voices. The “I” also relates to what the other characters think of Henry. The tone and meaning in the philosophical musings of the prose in certain chapters’ concluding paragraphs characterizes these attributes into the “I.” Additionally, the “I” relates to Henry’s identification with his job, and to the meaning of “I” within the entire context of the book. Finally, to some extent, the “I” relates to the qualities of the author that enabled Lee to write the character behind the “I,” and the “I” relates, as well, to the reader’s identification with Henry.<br />
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The sentences as a whole imply an intelligent, objective rendering, such as a “sentient machine,” or what a video camera-recording of a person’s life might convey rather than an interpretation (203). Henry goes on to state that “he will simply know character. Identity. That is all” (203). The rest of the chapter then describes how Henry appears to be an accomplice to the unstated murder of Luzan. The quote above is Henry’s moment of clarity; his realization that he is a destroyer of people that he identifies with. The sentences also contain a bit of anger over having to resolve the conflict within himself as an intelligent but emotionless machine.<br />
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To me, the value of the book is that it documents the mind’s identity function and those that manipulate it, including oneself. Lee explicates “identity” through the use of metaphor later in the chapter during the narration of the last meeting with Luzan. The unstated harm to Luzan as a psychologist, one who understands identity more than others, suggests that killing an understanding of identity--unmasking--results in the sense of guilt. It also suggests that Lee by way of reader identification with Henry wishes his audience to know that. Although Henry does what he does because it is his duty to his job, and thereby part of his identification, Henry also identifies with Kwang’s “leap of . . . character” by which he recreated his identity as an “American” (210-11). The value in the sentences being analyzed as it relates to the rest of the chapter is that it presents the rise of morality within an identity, an individual, to a greater level of consciousness by way of conflict-of-character, which often during the coming to consciousness transition phase carries with it the weight of guilt. Thus the understated guilty tone of the quote implied through the use of the word “smacks” carries with it the burden of consciousness.<br />
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I believe that the point that Lee makes is that metaphorically killing somebody (and I don’t know for sure if Luzan or Kwang dies) is true of everyone in that a person takes what is unknown about someone and molds it into what they see whenever they meet somebody--the first impression. They kill the real by bringing it close to them, by forming concepts, impressions, which have nothing, or only a symbolic relationship to the actual “identity” of a person. And further, that “identity” is a construct subservient to the identity function which provides for human relatedness and survival. Henry encounters conflict because of his inability to justify his identity as moral, because of what he has done, and chooses to reduce the human relationship overtones--“anything that smacks of theme or drama”--out of the narration that he sends back to Hoagland. He wishes not to be a part of a moral crime against Kwang. But we cannot censor away the injustice that we do to others during our interpretation of them. The rise of morality within us avails us not of that weight. We cannot free ourselves from guilt by merely reporting to ourselves this is who they are, and this is who we are. Identity, since it is a product of a psychological function, may only be known indirectly through constructs, even to ourselves, but the identity function may be strengthened to produce a more dynamic and fulfilled personality.<br />
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The Henry character as spy, son (including inherited traits), father, husband, and partner in Native Speaker epitomizes identity but the way that Henry’s identity/personality matures though tragic events in a poetic roundabout manner prove that the identity function is more than a matter of identity. During partial complex seizures, people experience the loss of the identity function, and they enter into a state of fight or flight. In the quote of our analysis, in addition to a sense of resignation in regard to a moral choice and a sense of frustration over having to submit to duty, the reader also senses a bit of fight or flight from not knowing which way Henry will turn as his identity, his symbol producing system, his terministic screen, is threatened.<br />
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Although the identity function is objectively undefinable and our opinions of others and ourselves necessarily biased, by morally carrying that, let us say knowledge of not knowing, that “darkness yet,” we may build more conscious and meaningful relationships (Whitman). In the previous chapters, Lee’s exposition of identity separates many of the masks from the individual characters to show that a person’s identity is unstable and dependent on constructs. But, identity is also much more than that because it may be shaken when the masks are removed and a person is left with an identity in relationship to another as indicated in the last paragraph of questions about describing Kwang: “Where are you to begin, and where are you able to end?” (211). It is the human connection between Henry and Kuang out of which the morality of Henry as an individual is questioned juxtaposed to a hypothetical “sentient machine” narrative of Kwang’s identity that Henry’s boss wants to know. So, a mature identity, the more real manifestation of the identity function which cannot be fully known may be partially understood as a moral relationship to another and by reflection on the loss of that sense of identity when human relatedness ends.Raymond Stedinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05906148877956280806noreply@blogger.com0